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As most political observers know, the powerful socialist parties of Western and Central Europe are facing a profound crisis due to their departure from the Marxist slogans of their youth and their increasing inability to define the meaning of "socialist" goals in the prosperous mixed economy of individual enterprise and welfare state now in full blast in most European countries. In Dr. Shell's judgment the Austrian Socialist Party exhibits this transformation most clearly. A modern "mass" party, containing more then ten per cent of the entire Austrian population as dues-paying members, it is no longer full of the sound and fury of Marxist class-war slogans. Instead, its traditional labels conceal a loss of direction, of clear sense of mission, and of the "State within a State" function originally envisaged. In tracing its history, its personalities, and achievements from World War I to the present day, Dr. Shell presents a complete and authoritative picture not only of the Austrian Socialist Party, but of what may well be the shape of things to come in the other Socialist parties of Central and Western Europe.
This book compares the various aspects ? political, military economic ? of Soviet occupation in Austria, Hungary and Romania. Using documents found in Austrian, Hungarian, Romanian and Russian archives the authors argue that the nature of Soviet foreign policy has been misunderstood. Existing literature has focused on the Soviet foreign policy from a political perspective; when and why Stalin made the decision to introduce Bolshevik political systems in the Soviet sphere of influence. This book will show that the Soviet conquest of East-Central Europe had an imperial dimension as well and allowed the Soviet Union to use the territory it occupied as military and economic space. The final dimension of the book details the tragically human experiences of Soviet occupation: atrocities, rape, plundering and deportations.
PARTIES AND ELECTIONS IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA is a comprehensive reference guide to the federal parliamentary elections and federal governments in Germany and Austria since 1918, the state elections and state governments since 1945, the elections to the European Parliament and to all major and several minor political parties. The guide includes basic data of these parties (founding years, political orientations, affiliations to political parties at European level, European Parliament groups and political internationals) and a chronological summary of their history (predecessors, name changes, mergers and splits).
The International Almanac is the only up to date source for the history of election results in the Western world from their origins to the present. It provides clear and authoritative information for 25 different countries, ranging alphabetically from Australia to the USA, and geographically across four continents, including Japan and new Mediterranean democracies as well as old Anglo-American and Scandinavian democracies. Each chapter gives a comprehensive list of all parties that have contested one or more elections, its vote at each election and percentage share of the poll, and the number of seats won in the national assembly. The results have been checked from original sources in more than 15 languages. The new edition of the Almanac brings election results up to date and incorporates fresh materials from historical research, while retaining the features that have made the volume the authoritative book on elections.
"Parties and Elections in Austria and South Tyrol" is a comprehensive reference guide to the federal and state elections and federal and state governments in Austria since 1918, the national and provincial elections and provincial governments in South Tyrol (Italy), the elections to the European Parliament and to all significant present and past political parties. Listed are more than 240 parties. The guide includes basic data of these parties (founding years, political orientations, affiliations to European political parties, European Parliament groups and political internationals) and a chronological summary of their history (predecessors, name changes, mergers and splits).
In the first Cold War (1945-55) the superpower struggle over the geostrategically vital and economically depressed Austria could have ended in a divided country (like in Germany), but due to shrewd Austrian diplomacy resulted in a unified and neutralized country.