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Cannabis Britannica explores the historical origins of the UK's legislation and regulations on cannabis preparations before 1928. It draws on published and unpublished sources from the seventeenth century onwards, from archives in the UK and India, to show how the history of cannabis and the British before the twentieth century was bound up with imperialism. James Mills argues that until the 1900s, most of the information and experience gathered by British sources were drawn from colonial contexts as imperial administrators governed and observed populations where use of cannabis was extensive and established. This is most obvious in the 1890s when British anti-opium campaigners in the House of Commons seized on the issue of Government of India excise duties on the cannabis trade in Asia in order to open up another front in their attacks on imperial administration. The result was that cannabis preparations became a matter of concern in Parliament which accordingly established the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The story in the twentieth century is of the momentum behind moves to include cannabis substances in domestic law and in international treaties. The latter was a matter of the diplomatic politics of imperialism, as Britain sought to defend its cannabis revenues in India against American and Egyptian interests. The domestic story focuses on the coming together of the police, the media, and the pharmaceutical industry to form misunderstandings of cannabis that forced it onto the Poisons Schedule despite the misgivings of the Home Office and of key medical professionals. The book is the first full history of the origins of the moments when cannabis first became subjected to laws and regulations in Britain.
In this engaging new study, John D. Wong examines the Canton trade networks that helped to shape the modern world through the lens of the prominent Chinese merchant Houqua, whose trading network and financial connections stretched from China to India, America and Britain. In contrast to interpretations that see Chinese merchants in this era as victims of rising Western mercantilism and oppressive Chinese traditions, Houqua maintained a complex balance between his commercial interests and those of his Western counterparts, all in an era of transnationalism before the imposition of the Western world order. The success of Houqua and Co. in configuring its networks in the fluid context of the early nineteenth century remains instructive today, as the contemporary balance of political power renders the imposition of a West-centric world system increasingly problematic, and requires international traders to adapt to a new world order in which China, once again, occupies center stage.
In June 1796 a 17-year old Anglo-Irish youth, Jonathan Henry Lovett, was appointed a junior clerk with the British East India Company. With Britain at war with France, Lovett sailed from England to India aboard the East Indiaman Malabar. It took the ship seven months to reach Bombay, where Lovett disembarked in January 1797. Lovett kept a journal during the voyage in which he recorded his observations of seabirds, fish, and marine life seen from the quarterdeck of the Malabar. During a stopover at the Cape of Good Hope he described its rugged mountains, exotic wildlife, its Dutch and native inhabitants, British military encampments, and ships coming and going. Originally written in two volumes recently discovered in libraries 7,000 miles apart, the complete Jonathan Lovett journal comes together here for the first time in living memory. Excerpts from the Malabar's logbook and detailed maps add additional detail to this tale of travel by sea in the days of the East Indiamen.