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Planetary nebulae are the classic subject of astrophysics. The physical pro cesses occurring in this highly ionized gaseous medium, the formation of emis sion lines in clearly specified conditions, the continuous emission extending from the far ultraviolet up to infrared and radio frequencies, the generation of exotic forms of radiation predicted by atomic physics, along with methods for deciphering the observed spectra and detecting physical and kinematic parameters of the radiating medium, etc. - all these problems form the solid foundations of the physical theory of gaseous nebulae. They are an essential part of the arsenal of powerful tools and concepts without which one cannot imagine understanding and interpreting the enormous diversity of processes taking place in the Universe - in gaseous envelopes surrounding the stars of various classes, from cool dwarfs and flare stars up to hot supergiants, as well as in stellar chromospheres and coronae, in atmospheres of unstable and anomalous stars, in circumstellar clouds and gaseous shells born in nova and supernova explosions, in diffuse nebulae and the interstellar medium, in interacting binary systems, in galaxies with emission lines, in quasars, etc. The last thirty years have seen a turning-point in our knowledge concern ing the very nature of planetary nebulae (PNs). The radio emission of PNs was discovered after it was predicted theoretically. On the other hand, the powerful infrared emission discovered both in the continuum and in emission lines was never expected.
In this book we will look at what planetary nebulae are, where they come from and where they go. We will discuss what mechanisms cause these beautiful markers of stellar demise as well as what causes them to form their variety of shapes. How we measure various aspects of planetary nebulae such as what they are made of will also be explored. Though we will give some aspects of planetary nebulae mathematical treatment, the main points should be accessible to people with only a limited background in mathematics. A short glossary of some of the more arcane astronomical terms is at the end of the book to help in understanding. Included at the end of each chapter is an extensive bibliography to the peer reviewed research on these objects and I would encourage the reader interested in an even deeper understanding to read these articles.
This authoritative volume provides a comprehensive review of the origin and evolution of planetary nebulae. It covers all the stages of their evolution, carefully synthesizes observations from across the spectrum, and clearly explains all the key physical processes at work. Particular emphasis is placed on observations from space, using the Hubble Space Telescope, the Infrared Space Observatory, and the ROSAT satellite. This book presents a thoroughly modern understanding of planetary nebulae, integrating developments in stellar physics with the dynamics of nebular evolution. It also describes exciting possibilities such as the use of planetary nebulae in determining the cosmic distance scale, the distribution of dark matter and the chemical evolution of galaxies. This book provides graduate students with an accessible introduction to planetary nebulae, and researchers with an authoritative reference. It can also be used as an advanced text on the physics of the interstellar medium.
Planetary Nebulae and How to Observe Them is for amateur astronomers who want to go beyond the Messier objects, concentrating on one of the most beautiful classes of astronomical objects in the sky. Planetary nebulae are not visible to the naked eye, but they are a fascinating group of telescope objects. This guide enables a user equipped with an average-sized amateur telescope to get the best out of observing them. Topics covered include their astrophysical make-up, history of their discovery, classification and description, telescopes to use, filters, and observing techniques - in short everything anyone would need to know to successfully observe planetary nebulae. The book describes the various forms these astronomical objects can take and explains why they are favorite targets for amateur observers. Descriptions of over 100 nebulae personally observed by the author using telescopes of various sizes are included in the book. Readers can create their own observing program or follow the list of these captivating objects, many of which are found within our own Milky Way Galaxy.
Fitton's Galactic Command Series. Voyage 24. Join Commander John Ross and the crew of ESS-14, after the Antarian War, to a planet bordering a nebula on the edge of the galaxy. Ross chases a derelict ESS Commander and his Antarian conspirator. Beyond the Nebula is an enclosed solar system, controlled by omnipotent life forms that desire a cataclysmic future for Galactic Command.
The publication in English of this monograph seems to me to indicate the ever increasing interest of astrophysicists in the physical and dynamical problems of planetary nebulae-one of the most interesting and fruitful branches of theoretical astrophysics. Their interest in part arises from the fact that the methods of identify ing the physical processes occurring in planetary nebulae, as well as the many theo retical results, are now acquiring a degree of uni versality as their sphere of application increases. Finally, the special cosmic significance of planetary nebulae is becoming apparent. The English edition of Planetary Nebulae differs considerably from the Russian version published in 1962, primarily because of the new results included in it, but also because of numerous editorial revisions. The problems of magnetic fields and hydrodynamics in planetary nebulae are beginning to occupy an important place in the study of the dynamics of these objects. Recent studies by D. H. Menzel confirm the idea advanced in the present mono graph as to the existence of magnetic fields in planetary nebulae. New light is being cast on the dynamics of planetary nebulae by the hydrodynamic investigations of F. D. Kahn, W. G. Mathews and others. Unfortunately I was not able to include these and other interesting results in the present edition.
Have fun exploring the stars with close-up views of space objects right from your own backyard! Take the mystery and struggle out of discovering new worlds. With hands-on tips, tricks, and instructions, this book allows you to unleash the full power of your small telescope and view amazing space objects right from your own backyard, including: • Saturn’s Rings • Jupiter’s Moons • Apollo 11's Landing Site • Orion Nebula • Andromeda Galaxy • Polaris Double Star • Pegasus Globular Cluster • and much, much more! “An observation guide, mentor, and historical tour all in one.” —Space.com
This written account of the Symposium on Planetary Nebulae was prepared from manuscripts submitted by the participants. Nearly every paper that was presented at the meeting is reproduced here, in either complete or abbreviated form. The dis cussions have been somewhat shortened and rearranged, but we have tried to preserve the essential points and the general tenor of the exchanges. Participants who spoke in the discussion were asked immediately for written remarks, which were then edited, reproduced, and circulated at the meeting by the highly effective local Secretariat organized by Dr Perek. In addition, notes of the discussion taken by Mrs Edith F. Swan and by the undersigned were used. We wish to thank all the authors for their unusually good cooperation. We are especially grateful to Dr Minkowski, who kindly provided many excellent repro ductions of Mount Wilson and Palomar photographs, mostly taken by himself, of various planetary nebulae. We are particularly indebted to Mrs Swan, who attended the Symposium, made notes on the papers and discussions as they occurred, and did much of the checking and editing of the manuscripts. In addition, we are very grateful to Mrs Evelyn Seaver, who also did much of the checking, editing, and retyping of manuscripts, and to Dr B.L. Webster, Miss Rebecca Todd, Mr Joseph Tapscott, and Mr Dennis Schatz, who provided excellent assistance in the preparation of this volume.
Planetary nebulae are the classic subject of astrophysics. The physical pro cesses occurring in this highly ionized gaseous medium, the formation of emis sion lines in clearly specified conditions, the continuous emission extending from the far ultraviolet up to infrared and radio frequencies, the generation of exotic forms of radiation predicted by atomic physics, along with methods for deciphering the observed spectra and detecting physical and kinematic parameters of the radiating medium, etc. - all these problems form the solid foundations of the physical theory of gaseous nebulae. They are an essential part of the arsenal of powerful tools and concepts without which one cannot imagine understanding and interpreting the enormous diversity of processes taking place in the Universe - in gaseous envelopes surrounding the stars of various classes, from cool dwarfs and flare stars up to hot supergiants, as well as in stellar chromospheres and coronae, in atmospheres of unstable and anomalous stars, in circumstellar clouds and gaseous shells born in nova and supernova explosions, in diffuse nebulae and the interstellar medium, in interacting binary systems, in galaxies with emission lines, in quasars, etc. The last thirty years have seen a turning-point in our knowledge concern ing the very nature of planetary nebulae (PNs). The radio emission of PNs was discovered after it was predicted theoretically. On the other hand, the powerful infrared emission discovered both in the continuum and in emission lines was never expected.
The Orion Nebula is the closest center of massive star formation—a stellar nursery that reproduces the conditions in which our own Sun formed some 4.5 billion years ago. In this book, O’Dell explains what the Nebula is, how it shines, its role in giving birth to stars, and the insights it affords into how common (or rare) planet formation might be.