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The inverse design approach is new to the built environment research and design community, though it has been used in other industries including automobile and airplane design. This book, from some of the pioneers of inverse design applications in the built environment, introduces the basic principles of inverse design and the specific techniques that can be applied to built environment systems. The authors' inverse design concept uses the desired enclosed environment as the design objective and inversely determines the systems required to achieve the objective. The book discusses a number of backward and forward methods for inverse design. Backward methods, such as the quasi-reversibility method, the pseudo-reversibility method, and the regularized inverse matrix method, can be used to identify contaminant sources in an enclosed environment. However, these methods cannot be used to inversely design a desired indoor environment. Forward methods, such as the computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD)-based genetic algorithm (GA) method, the CFD-based adjoint method, the CFD-based artificial neural network (ANN) method, and the CFD-based proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method, show the promise in the inverse design of airflow and heat transfer in an enclosed environment. The book describes the fundamentals of the methods for beginners, provides exciting design examples for the reader to duplicate, discusses the pros and cons of each design method and points out the knowledge gaps for further development.
In a real tour-de-force of scientific publishing, three distinguished experts here systematically deliver both the underlying theory and the practical guidance needed to effectively apply square-wave voltammetry techniques. Square-wave voltammetry is a technique used in analytical applications and fundamental studies of electrode mechanisms. In order to take full advantage of this technique, a solid understanding of signal generation, thermodynamics, and kinetics is essential. Not only does this book cover all the necessary background and basics, but it also offers an appendix on mathematical modeling plus a chapter on electrode mechanisms that briefly reviews the numerical formulae needed to simulate experiments using popular software tools.
This beginner's guide to cyclic voltammetry is designed to take you from novice to competent in a week. It bypasses all the mathematical proofs that often act as barriers to learning and begins with the practical information about experimental setup which will let you immediately start collecting and interpreting cyclic voltammograms. After the knowledge needed for gaining hands-on experience has been laid out, the underlying concepts that explain what happens at a molecular level during a cyclic voltammogram are described using easily understandable pictures and animations. This book is not meant to replace any of the go-to textbooks for electrochemistry, but to serve as a stepping stone on ones journey into the field, like a helpful postdoc in book form.
The critically acclaimed guide to the principles, techniques, and instruments of electroanalytical chemistry-now expanded and revised Joseph Wang, internationally renowned authority on electroanalytical techniques, thoroughly revises his acclaimed book to reflect the rapid growth the field has experienced in recent years. He substantially expands the theoretical discussion while providing comprehensive coverage of the latest advances through late 1999, introducing such exciting new topics as self-assembled monolayers, DNA biosensors, lab-on-a-chip, detection for capillary electrophoresis, single molecule detection, and sol-gel surface modification. Along with numerous references from the current literature and new worked-out examples, Analytical Electrochemistry, Second Edition offers clear, reader-friendly explanations of the fundamental principles of electrochemical processes as well as important insight into the potential of electroanalysis for problem solving in a wide range of fields, from clinical diagnostics to environmental science. Key topics include: The basics of electrode reactions and the structure of the interfacial region Tools for elucidating electrode reactions and high-resolution surface characterization An overview of finite-current controlled potential techniques Electrochemical instrumentation and electrode materials Principles of potentiometric measurements and ion-selective electrodes Chemical sensors, including biosensors, gas sensors, solid-state devices, and sensor arrays
The progress of science and technology has placed Queueing Theory among the most popular disciplines in applied mathematics, operations research, and engineering. Although queueing has been on the scientific market since the beginning of this century, it is still rapidly expanding by capturing new areas in technology. Advances in Queueing provides a comprehensive overview of problems in this enormous area of science and focuses on the most significant methods recently developed. Written by a team of 24 eminent scientists, the book examines stochastic, analytic, and generic methods such as approximations, estimates and bounds, and simulation. The first chapter presents an overview of classical queueing methods from the birth of queues to the seventies. It also contains the most comprehensive bibliography of books on queueing and telecommunications to date. Each of the following chapters surveys recent methods applied to classes of queueing systems and networks followed by a discussion of open problems and future research directions. Advances in Queueing is a practical reference that allows the reader quick access to the latest methods.
The present textbook contains the recordsof a two–semester course on que- ing theory, including an introduction to matrix–analytic methods. This course comprises four hours oflectures and two hours of exercises per week andhas been taughtattheUniversity of Trier, Germany, for about ten years in - quence. The course is directed to last year undergraduate and?rst year gr- uate students of applied probability and computer science, who have already completed an introduction to probability theory. Its purpose is to present - terial that is close enough to concrete queueing models and their applications, while providing a sound mathematical foundation for the analysis of these. Thus the goal of the present book is two–fold. On the one hand, students who are mainly interested in applications easily feel bored by elaborate mathematical questions in the theory of stochastic processes. The presentation of the mathematical foundations in our courses is chosen to cover only the necessary results, which are needed for a solid foundation of the methods of queueing analysis. Further, students oriented - wards applications expect to have a justi?cation for their mathematical efforts in terms of immediate use in queueing analysis. This is the main reason why we have decided to introduce new mathematical concepts only when they will be used in the immediate sequel. On the other hand, students of applied probability do not want any heur- tic derivations just for the sake of yielding fast results for the model at hand.
Written as both a textbook and a handy reference, this text deliberately avoids complex mathematics assuming only basic familiarity with geodynamic theory and calculus. Here, the authors have brought together the key numerical techniques for geodynamic modeling, demonstrations of how to solve problems including lithospheric deformation, mantle convection and the geodynamo. Building from a discussion of the fundamental principles of mathematical and numerical modeling, the text moves into critical examinations of each of the different techniques before concluding with a detailed analysis of specific geodynamic applications. Key differences between methods and their respective limitations are also discussed - showing readers when and how to apply a particular method in order to produce the most accurate results. This is an essential text for advanced courses on numerical and computational modeling in geodynamics and geophysics, and an invaluable resource for researchers looking to master cutting-edge techniques. Links to supplementary computer codes are available online.
This book provides targeted support for students taking courses at the undergraduate level involving electrochemical methods and voltammetry, precision analytical techniques used in chemical engineering, chemical research and development, and pharmaceutical science. The learning method applied in this book, and the contents chosen, have been specifically tried-and-tested to support students preparing for exams, and for those having difficulty absorbing concepts and attaining an analytical understanding of their application. Through this book, “written for students by a student,” the author provides accessible learning resources that address students’ needs when preparing for examinations.
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Volume 29 gives an account of new techniques for the study of electrodes and their reactions. It extends and complements Volumes 26 and 27 of the series which provide an introductory treatment of modern electrochemical methodology and reactions. This volume covers the various branches of spectroelectrochemistry and also some recent purely electrochemical advances. In-situ spectroelectrochemical techniques are covered by chapters on infrared, Raman, EPR, ellipsometry, electroreflectance, and photocurrent spectroscopy. Ex-situ UHV experiments are treated in a separate chapter. New electrochemical directions are described in chapters on hydrodynamic methods, channel electrodes, and microelectrodes. A final chapter covers computing strategies for the on-line accumulation and processing of electrochemical data.