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The Mechanics of Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties, Testing, and Applications offers readers a systematic description of the mechanical properties and characterizations of hydrogels. Practical topics such as manufacturing hydrogels with controlled mechanical properties and the mechanical testing of hydrogels are covered at length, as are areas such as inelastic and nonlinear deformation, rheological characterization, fracture and indentation testing, mechanical properties of cellularly responsive hydrogels, and more. Proper instrumentation and modeling techniques for measuring the mechanical properties of hydrogels are also explored. Links the mechanical and biological behaviors and applications of hydrogels Looks at the manufacturing and mechanical testing of hydrogels Discusses the design and use of hydrogels in a wide array of applications
The studies on Biohydrogels have had a rapid, exponential evolution in the last decades. This book is the result of an International conference gathering the most recent results in this field.
Polymer Science and Nanotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications brings together the latest advances in polymer science and nanoscience. Sections explain the fundamentals of polymer science, including key aspects and methods in terms of molecular structure, synthesis, characterization, microstructure, phase structure and processing and properties before discussing the materials of particular interest and utility for novel applications, such as hydrogels, natural polymers, smart polymers and polymeric biomaterials. The second part of the book examines essential techniques in nanotechnology, with an emphasis on the utilization of advanced polymeric materials in the context of nanoscience. Throughout the book, chapters are prepared so that materials and products can be geared towards specific applications. Two chapters cover, in detail, major application areas, including fuel and solar cells, tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery, membranes, water treatment and oil recovery. Presents the latest applications of polymers and polymeric nanomaterials, across energy, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and environmental fields Contains detailed coverage of polymer nanocomposites, polymer nanoparticles, and hybrid polymer-metallic nanoparticles Supports an interdisciplinary approach, enabling readers from different disciplines to understand polymer science and nanotechnology and the interface between them
Hydrogels consist of cross-linked polymer chains and water molecules. Due to the coupling between deformation of the polymer network and diffusion of the solvent molecules, the fracture behavior of hydrogels is quite different from that of polymers and rubbers. This dissertation presents theoretical and numerical studies on fracture behavior of hydrogels with linear and nonlinear theories. For the study of stationary cracks, a centered crack model is used for hydrogel specimens under the plane strain condition. Asymptotic analysis of the crack tip fields is presented based on a linear poroelastic formulation for different chemical boundary conditions (immersed and not-immersed). For both cases, a finite element method is developed under different mechanical loading conditions (displacement-control and load-control). The evolution of the crack-tip energy release rate is calculated by a modified path-independent J-integral that takes the effect of energy dissipation due to solvent diffusion into account. Numerical results agree well with the asymptotic solutions of the crack-tip fields. Under load control, the crack-tip energy release rate increases over time, which suggests the onset of crack growth may be delayed until the crack-tip energy release rate reaches a critical value (fracture toughness). For steady-state crack growth of hydrogels, a semi-infinite crack in a long strip specimen subject to plane-strain loading is studied with both asymptotic and numerical analysis. The crack-tip energy release rate is found to be smaller than the applied energy release rate due to poroelastic shielding. The characteristic size of the poroelastic crack-tip field is inversely proportional to the crack speed. For relatively fast crack growth, the crack-tip energy release rate decreases with increasing crack speed. For relatively slow crack growth, the energy release rate increases with increasing crack speed. The present results are found to be qualitatively consistent with previous experiments on the effects of velocity toughening, solvent viscosity and crack-tip soaking. Moreover, the effect of plane stress is examined with a cohesive zone model. Finally, the nonlinear effect due to large deformation is studied numerically based on a nonlinear poroelastic model
This volume covers experimental and theoretical advances on the relationship between composition, structure and macroscopic mechanical properties of novel hydrogels containing dynamic bonds. The chapters of this volume focus on the control of the mechanical properties of several recently discovered gels with the design of monomer composition, chain architecture, type of crosslinking or internal structure. The gels discussed in the different chapters have in common the capability to dissipate energy upon deformation, a desired property for mechanical toughness, while retaining the ability to recover the properties of the virgin material over time or to self-heal when put back in contact after fracture. Some chapters focus on the synthesis and structural aspects while others focus on properties or modelling at the continuum or mesoscopic scale. The volume will be of interest to chemists and material scientists by providing guidelines and general structure-property considerations to synthesize and develop innovative gels tuned for applications. In addition it will provide physicists with a better understanding of the role of weak interactions between molecules and physical crosslinking on macroscopic dissipative properties and self-healing or self-recovering properties.
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Applied Mechanics of Polymers: Properties, Processing, and Behavior provides readers with an overview of the properties, mechanical behaviors and modeling techniques for accurately predicting the behaviors of polymeric materials. The book starts with an introduction to polymers, covering their history, chemistry, physics, and various types and applications. In addition, it covers the general properties of polymers and the common processing and manufacturing processes involved with them. Subsequent chapters delve into specific mechanical behaviors of polymers such as linear elasticity, hyperelasticity, creep, viscoelasticity, failure, and fracture. The book concludes with chapters discussing electroactive polymers, hydrogels, and the mechanical characterization of polymers. This is a useful reference text that will benefit graduate students, postdocs, researchers, and engineers in the mechanics of materials, polymer science, mechanical engineering and material science. Additional resources related to the book can be found at polymersmechanics.com. Provides examples of real-world applications that demonstrate the use of models in designing polymer-based components Includes access to a companion site from where readers can download FEA and MATLAB code, FEA simulation files, videos and other supplemental material Features end-of-chapter summaries with design and analysis guidelines, practice problem sets based on real-life situations, and both analytical and computational examples to bridge academic and industrial applications
Double-network (DN) hydrogels developed by Gong et al. (Advanced Materials 2003, 15, 1155) are interesting polymeric materials that despite their large water content (ca. 90 wt%) possess excellent strength and toughness. Those gels can undergo large deformations and exhibit intriguing mechanical behavior such as necking in tensile loading and idealized Mullins effect. DN hydrogels are the product of free radical polymerization of a water-soluble monomer like acrylamide (AAm) inside a highly crosslinked polyelectrolyte network like poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropsnesulfonic acid) [poly(AMPS)]. That polymerization process can be done with or without using a cross-linking monomer. Therefore, DN hydrogels were first thought to be interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) or semi-IPNs (SIPNs).The main objective of this dissertation was to understand the structure-property relationships in DN hydrogels and develop a model to capture their mechanical behavior.The experimental part of this study involves synthesis and characterization of tough chemically crosslinked hydrogels based on the DN concept and performing mechanical tests on them. A physical picture was developed to describe necking phenomenon in DN hydrogels. It was found that the necking phenomenon is triggered by the damage of the first network and necking occurs at the onset of load transfer from the first network to the second one. By providing experimental evidence, it was discovered that in DN hydrogels there is a covalent grafting between first and second networks and more importantly that grafting is necessary for achieving toughness. Therefore, DN hydrogels are not true IPN or SIPN structures and depending on whether crosslinking agent is used in the second polymerization step or not, the actual microstructure of a tough DN hydrogel is either a pseudo-IPN or pseudo-SIPN, respectively, where the prefix pseudo denotes connectivity of the two networks. Crack propagation and finite tensile deformation of DN hydrogels with pseudo-SIPNs and pseudo-IPNs architectures were compared. Moreover, the effect of polymerization of a third loosely crosslinked network inside a DN hydrogel was studied and discussed.In the theoretical part, a continuum damage model was developed to describe the large strain damage elasto-plastic behavior of DN hydrogels under tensile loading. The model was formulated by developing a physical picture of fracture process and incorporating a damage variable to a strain energy density function. The model is consistent with the experimental data and can capture the elasto-plastic behavior of the material without using a yield function. It was shown that a dimensionless parameter which is a ratio of two material parameters controls the behavior of the material. Those material parameters can be related to the elastic moduli of the first and second networks and in a fundamental level can be attributed to the crosslink densities of the first and second networks. The model can capture the stable branch of material response during necking when the engineering stress becomes constant during neck propagation.
Biology and Engineering of Stem Cell Niches covers a wide spectrum of research and current knowledge on embryonic and adult stem cell niches, focusing on the understanding of stem cell niche molecules and signaling mechanisms, including cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions. The book comprehensively reviews factors regulating stem cell behavior and the corresponding approaches for understanding the subsequent effect of providing the proper matrix molecules, mechanical cues, and/or chemical cues. It encompasses a variety of tools and techniques for developing biomaterials-based methods to model synthetic stem cell niches in vivo, or to enhance and direct stem cell fate in vitro. A final section of the book discusses stem cell niche bioengineering strategies and current advances in each tissue type. Includes the importance of Cell-Cell and Cell Matrix Interactions in each specific tissue and system Authored and edited by authorities in this emerging and multidisciplinary field Includes valuable links to 5-10 minute YouTube© author videos that describe main points