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Excerpt from The Measurement of Steady and Fluctuating Temperatures This book is intended to give a concise account of modern methods of measuring both steady and fluctuating temperatures and to indicate their applications in industrial practice. Until recently the mercury thermometer provided the only important method of measuring temperatures in which most engineers could place any degree of confidence. But the need of some reliable means of measuring high temperatures beyond the range of ordinary thermometers led physicists to experiment with and to perfect other methods, in particular the thermo-couple and platinum resistance thermometers or pyrometers, and also radiation and optical pyrometers. In their hands these methods became so reliable under skilful operation that, with the increasing technical skill of engineers and metallurgists, their use has extended rapidly in industrial practice as a means of measuring or controlling the temperatures of gases, furnaces, solid and molten metals, etc. In some cases they have replaced the more or less haphazard method of guessing these temperatures by appearances, and their use in this direction is rapidly extending. In other cases, particularly in certain metallurgical operations, the temperatures need to be regulated so closely that a reliable means of measuring the temperatures makes all the difference between success and failure. Again, mercury thermometers are of little use in measuring the temperature of a thin metal wall or in following any rapidly fluctuating temperature with reasonable accuracy, and such measurements were only possible when the present methods became available. The accurate measurement of temperature is also important in problems associated with the transmission of heat. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The book provides a unifying insight into a broad range of phenomena displayed by vibrational systems of current interest. The chapters complement each other to give an account of the major fundamental results and applications in quantum information, condensed matter physics, and engineering.
The recent conferences in this series were organised in Montreal (1987), Budapest (1989), Kyoto (1991), St Louis (1993) and Palanga (1995). The aim of the conference was to bring together specialists in fluctuation phenomena from different fields and to make a bridge between theoretical scientists and more applied or engineering oriented researchers. Therefore a broad variety of topics covering the fundamental aspects of noise and fluctuations as well as applications in various fields are addressed. Noise in materials, components, circuits and electronic, biological and other physical systems are discussed.
The theory of stellar atmospheres is one of the most important branches of modern astrophysics. It is first of all a major tool for understanding all aspects of stars. As the physical properties of their outer layers can now be found with high precision, firm conclusions can be drawn about the internal structure and evolution of stars. Moreover, improvements in our knowledge of the chemical composition of stars is shedding new light on the chemical evolution of galaxies and of the Universe as a whole. Because the outer layers of stars are among the best-understood astrophysical objects, the theory of stellar atmospheres plays an important role in the study of many other types of objects. These include planetary nebulae, H II regions, interstellar matter, and objects of interest in high-energy astrophysics, such as accretion disks (close binaries, dwarf novae, cataclysmic variables, quasars, active galactic nuclei), pulsar magnetospheres, and Seyfert galaxies. Finally, as stars provide a laboratory in which plasmas can be studied under more extreme conditions than on earth, the study of stellar atmospheres has strong connections with modern physics. Astronomical observations provided a vital stimulus in the early stages of quantum theory and atomic physics; even today topics such as low-temperature dielectronic recombination develop hand in hand with the interpretation of stellar and nebular spectra. Early work on MHD was similiarly motivated. Many such connections remain to be explored.
Microbial Growth Kinetics opens with a critical review of the history of microbial kinetics from the 19th century to the present day. The results of original investigations into the growth of soil microbes in both laboratory and natural environments are summarised. The book emphasises the analysis of complex dynamic behaviour of microorganism populations. Non-steady states and unbalanced growth, multiple limitation, survival under starvation, differentiation, morphological variability, colony and biofilm growth, mixed cultures and microbial population dynamics in soil are all examined. Mathematical models are proposed which give mechanistic explanations to many features of microbial growth. The book takes general kinetic principles and their ecological applications and presents them in a way specifically designed for the microbiologist. This in itself is unusual but taken with the book's fascinating historical overview and the many fresh and sometimes controversial ideas expressed, this book is a must for all advanced students of microbiology and researchers in microbial ecology and growth.