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Section 6 of the Human Rights Act (HRA) makes it unlawful for public authorities to act in breach of Convention rights. UK courts have adopted a restrictive interpretation of the meaning of public authority, potentially depriving numerous, often vulnerable people, from the human rights protection afforded by the HRA. There has been little evidence of progress since the previous report on this matter (HL 39/HC 382, 7th report session 2003-4, ISBN 9780104004173). Chapter 2 examines developments in case-law since 2004 and the Committee considers the Government's 2005 guidance on contracting for services in the light of the Human Rights Act takes a very negative approach to the difficulties facing the use of contracts to secure better the protection of human rights, lacks accessibility and is difficult to understand, and has little or no influence on the procurement policies of local authorities. In Chapter 3, the Committee considers the case for further action to overcome the problems arising from a narrow interpretation of public authority. It concludes that the practical implications of the current case law are such that some service users are deprived of a right to an effective remedy for any violation of their Convention rights. The Committee has not seen any convincing evidence that providers would leave the public services market if they were subject to the duty to act compatibly with Convention rights, despite the Government's premature and unsupported concerns about market flight. In Chapter 4 the Committee considers steps which could be taken to resolve the problems identified, including use of legislation to clarify the meaning of public authority in section 6 HRA through a separate, supplementary and interpretative statute.
European Convention on Human Rights – Article 10 – Freedom of expression 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. In the context of an effective democracy and respect for human rights mentioned in the Preamble to the European Convention on Human Rights, freedom of expression is not only important in its own right, but it also plays a central part in the protection of other rights under the Convention. Without a broad guarantee of the right to freedom of expression protected by independent and impartial courts, there is no free country, there is no democracy. This general proposition is undeniable. This handbook is a practical tool for legal professionals from Council of Europe member states who wish to strengthen their skills in applying the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in their daily work.
This timely work reflects on the role and obligations of the state as a buyer of goods and services, from the dual disciplinary perspectives of public procurement and human rights. Through theoretical and doctrinal analyses, and practice-focused case studies, it interrogates the evolving character of public procurement as an interface for multiple normative regimes and competing policies. Challenging the prevailing paradigm which subordinates human rights to narrowly-defined economic goals, insightful contributions advance a compelling case for greater inter-disciplinarity and policy coherence as crucial to realising international policies such as those embodied in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
Judicial review allows individuals, businesses and others to ask the court to consider whether, for example, a government department has gone beyond its powers, a local authority has followed a lawful process or an arms-length body has come to a rational decision. As such, it is a crucial check to ensure lawful public administration. The expansion of judicial review has, in the government's view, led to abuse of the system. The earlier consultation "Judicial Review: Proposals for Reform" (ISBN 9780101851527), introduced changes to the time for bringing planning or procurement challenges and offered a way for courts to filter out unmeritorious challenges. This follow-up review seeks further reform in areas such as: the courts' approach to cases which rely on minor procedural defects; rebalancing financial incentives; speeding up appeals to the Supreme Court in a small number of nationally significant cases and planning challenges. Also this paper looks at the potential reform as to who can bring judicial review and whether alternative mechanisms exist to resolve disputes. The paper also includes a proposal in relation to the payment of legal aid providers in judicial review cases.
This insightful book considers how the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is faced with numerous challenges which emanate from authoritarian and populist tendencies arising across its member states. It argues that it is now time to reassess how the ECHR responds to such challenges to the protection of human rights in the light of its historical origins.
The Human Rights Act came into force in October 2000. The impact of this historic piece of legislation on public authorities and charities is both fundamental and far-reaching. Increasingly, individuals and organizations are using the Act to challenge decisions made by public authorities. In defending these challenges, public authorities must demonstrate that they have taken human rights into account in their policies, procedures and service delivery. This title helps public authorities comply with human rights legislation in addition to enabling them to demonstrate that compliance. Introducing basic human rights principles, the simple check-list format is designed for non-legal public authority and voluntary sector staff working in areas such as health, housing, education, planning, social services, transport, criminal justice, residential care and equalities. Lawyers - whether employed or in private practice - should also find the analysis of the background and application of the Human Rights Act useful.
"This publication is a collection of papers of the second meeting of the Dornburg Research Group on New Administrative Law which was held in London in May 2007"--Acknowledgments.
The Human Rights Act 1998 has had a profound effect in numerous private law decisions and has been the subject of extensive academic debate, in particular on the issue of the extent to which it has horizontal effect and its application in disputes between individuals. With contributions from a variety of academics and practitioners, this volume covers and contributes to the academic debate on horizontal effect and considers how theory matches up with case law; the limits of the Act for private law; and its impact on key areas including privacy, defamation, negligence, nuisance, property, commercial law and employment. Together, the book provides a practical critique of the areas discussed, which will be of academic interest to theorists and of practical benefit to lawyers and judges who wish to understand how the academic debates can be brought to bear in particular cases.