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This is volume one of four. This very rare and long out of print biographical work is a must for any Mason with a desire for Masonic research. This is NOT a photocopy of the original work, but a completely new, re-type set edition. While a few editorial changes have been made the work is for the most part as it was when first published. The largest change is the addenda that was at the end of the 4th edition. The addenda was a collection of corrections and additions to the work. We have incorporated the corrections and additions into the work itself removing the need for the addenda. DON'T FORGET: This is a FOUR book set with each book sold separately. The ISBNs are: 1887560319, 1887560793, 1887560424 & 1887560068.
A Civil Society explores the struggle to initiate women as full participants in the masonic brotherhood that shared in the rise of France's civil society and its "civic morality" on behalf of women's rights. As a vital component of the third sector during France's modernization, freemasonry empowered women in complex social networks, contributing to a more liberal republic, a more open society, and a more engaged public culture. James Smith Allen shows that although women initially met with stiff resistance, their induction into the brotherhood was a significant step in the development of French civil society and its "civic morality," including the promotion of women's rights in the late nineteenth century. Pulling together the many gendered facets of masonry, Allen draws from periodicals, memoirs, and archival material to account for the rise of women within the masonic brotherhood in the context of rapid historical change. Thanks to women's social networks and their attendant social capital, masonry came to play a leading role in French civil society and the rethinking of gender relations in the public sphere.
Before Palm Pilots and iPods, PCs and laptops, the term "computer" referred to the people who did scientific calculations by hand. These workers were neither calculating geniuses nor idiot savants but knowledgeable people who, in other circumstances, might have become scientists in their own right. When Computers Were Human represents the first in-depth account of this little-known, 200-year epoch in the history of science and technology. Beginning with the story of his own grandmother, who was trained as a human computer, David Alan Grier provides a poignant introduction to the wider world of women and men who did the hard computational labor of science. His grandmother's casual remark, "I wish I'd used my calculus," hinted at a career deferred and an education forgotten, a secret life unappreciated; like many highly educated women of her generation, she studied to become a human computer because nothing else would offer her a place in the scientific world. The book begins with the return of Halley's comet in 1758 and the effort of three French astronomers to compute its orbit. It ends four cycles later, with a UNIVAC electronic computer projecting the 1986 orbit. In between, Grier tells us about the surveyors of the French Revolution, describes the calculating machines of Charles Babbage, and guides the reader through the Great Depression to marvel at the giant computing room of the Works Progress Administration. When Computers Were Human is the sad but lyrical story of workers who gladly did the hard labor of research calculation in the hope that they might be part of the scientific community. In the end, they were rewarded by a new electronic machine that took the place and the name of those who were, once, the computers.
This authoritative catalogue of the Corcoran Gallery of Art's renowned collection of pre-1945 American paintings will greatly enhance scholarly and public understanding of one of the finest and most important collections of historic American art in the world. Composed of more than 600 objects dating from 1740 to 1945.
Three decades after his death, Michel Foucault remains one of the towering intellectual figures of the last half-century. His works on sexuality, madness, the prison, and medicine are enduring classics. From 1971 until his death in 1984, Foucault gave public lectures at the famous Collge de France. These seminal events, attended by thousands, created the benchmarks for contemporary social enquiry. The lectures comprising Abnormal begin by examining the role of psychiatry in modern criminal justice, and its method of categorising individuals who "resemble their crime before they commit it." Building on the themes of societal self-defence developed in earlier works, Foucault shows how defining "normality" became a prerogative of power in the nineteenth century, shaping the institutions-from the prisons to the family-meant to deal with "monstrosity," whether sexual, physical, or spiritual. The Collge de France lectures add immeasurably to our appreciation and understanding of Foucault's thought.
Freemasonry is a religion of works. One of its many symbols is the balance. Masons believe they will be judged by their works, based upon the balance of right and wrong in their lives. In this Picture Book you will see the true nature of Freemasonry. In II Cor. 11:13-15 we read of the "works" religions: "For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light. Therefore, it is no great thing if his ministers also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works." All Masons in America enter Blue Lodge, which contains three degrees, illustrated by the three steps at the base of the pyramid. Most Masons (85%) never progress beyond Blue Degrees. Those who wish to delve deeper into the mysteries choose either the Scottish Rite (also called Jewish Rite) of 30 degrees on the left side of the pyramid, or the York Rite (also called Christian Rite) of 10 degrees on the right side of the pyramid, for a total of 33 and 13 degrees respectively. York Rite is practiced only in the Americas, whereas the Scottish Rite is worldwide. Both are Templar Rites. Many Masons in America join both Rites. The highest degree a Mason can earn is 32° Scottish Rite or 13° York Rite. Both are equal in prestige. 33° cannot be earned. It is honorary, awarded by the ruling body of Universal Freemasonry -- the Supreme Council. At any given time approximately 5,000 33rd degree Masons are in the world -- most of whom hold high positions in their governments. Initially, only 32° Scottish Rite Masons and 13° York Rite Masons could join the Shrine. Shriners, who operate Children's Hospitals, take an oath and pray to Allah, the god of Moslems (see pp. 28-30 this section). However, since 9/11 terrorist attacks on America by Moslems, Shriner membership has been decimated. To keep their Children's Hospitals open, Shriners have opened membership to 3° Master Masons.