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Having emerged from the ashes of the Third Reich, the FP? was founded in 1956 by Anton Reinthaller, a former Nazi functionary and SS officer, who was the inaugural leader of the Freedom Party of Austria (FP?). Since then the FP? has orchestrated rule of law violations in Austria; including the violation of freedom of press, expression and of belief; as well as inciting hatred against immigrants and refugees. With national socialist offences by the FP? increasing in frequency, the FP? needs to improve and reinvent itself ? also in view of links between the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings and the far-right Identitarian Movement in Austria (IB?). Otherwise the FP? must be made illegal; as it is Austria's duty to combat the resurgence of neo-Nazi activities by way of law. Social challenges ? such as abuse of power and social inequality ? are also explored in this evidence-based study. It should also be noted, that the FP? Party's contribution to global gender equality and global peacebuilding is absolute zero.
Having emerged from the ashes of the Third Reich, the ÖVP Party was established in 1945, after Nazi-Austria was liberated by the Allied Powers. Being stuck in time - and never having embraced the spirit and culture of the Allied Powers - the ÖVP entered government in 2017 with the far-right FPÖ party, which was originally established by Anton Reinthaller, a former Nazi functionary and SS officer; both the ÖVP and FPÖ having been responsible for hate speech and neo-Nazi activities in Austria. It should also be noted, that Austria has fallen back seven places on the Social Progress Index (SPI); inequality and poverty increasing in Austria dramatically - the ÖVP Party being a willing and guilty collaborator in perpetrating inequality, injustice and human rights violations in Austria. It should also be noted, that the ÖVP Party's leader - Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz - is responsible for the facilitation of neo-Nazi activities in the Republic of Austria, and hence a disgrace to the International Community. Having entrenched themselves in an outdated political reality that is behind the times, the ÖVP Party is reluctant to go with the quantum approach of today's Information Age. This total inflexibility by the members of the ÖVP Party is not a virtue, but rather a vice, making the ÖVP Party a cruel and hypocritical organisation. At some point, the ÖVP organisation will simply have to learn to evolve and improve itself; otherwise the ÖVP Party will just wither and die out; like the dinosaurs for example, who also died because they were unable to change and evolve. Therefore it is necessary to teach the Austrian political establishment a lesson in humility, humanity and true political power - by promoting civil liberties and altruistic policies in the world, such as freedom of press and expression; as well as a Basic Income Guarantee (BIG). As in a world where there are no guarantees and as citizens who must be under government rule, we should at least be assured that we will be able to feed, clothe and handle the simplest needs of human beings - hence implementing a basic income guarantee is an important prerequisite to counteract inequality and to ensure basic human rights in Austria and the world at large.
While the individual elements of the propaganda system (or filters) identified by the Propaganda Model (PM) – ownership, advertising, sources, flak and anti-communism – have previously been the focus of much scholarly attention, their systematisation in a model, empirical corroboration and historicisation have made the PM a useful tool for media analysis across cultural and geographical boundaries. Despite the wealth of scholarly research Herman and Chomsky’s work has set into motion over the past decades, the PM has been subjected to marginalisation, poorly informed critiques and misrepresentations. Interestingly, while the PM enables researchers to form discerning predictions as regards corporate media performance, Herman and Chomsky had further predicted that the PM itself would meet with such marginalisation and contempt. In current theoretical and empirical studies of mass media performance, uses of the PM continue, nonetheless, to yield important insights into the workings of political and economic power in society, due in large measure to the model’s considerable explanatory power.
More than 40 acknowledged experts provide insight into all countries of the region and offer scholarly examinations of the area's political, economic and social background. Separate chapters for every country provide details of geography, recent history and the economy.
In the last decade, Islamophobia in Western societies, where Muslims constitute the minority, has been studied extensively. However, Islamophobia is not restricted to the geography of the West, but rather constitutes a global phenomenon. It affects Muslim societies just as much, due to various historical, economic, political, cultural and social reasons. Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies constitutes a first attempt to open a debate about the understudied phenomenon of Islamophobia in Muslim majority societies. An interdisciplinary study, it focuses on socio-political and historical aspects of Islamophobia in Muslim majority societies. This volume will appeal to students, scholars and general readers who are interested in Racism Studies, Islamophobia Studies, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, Islam and Politics.
The dramatic transformations of the the 1990s - the end of the Cold War, the establishment of political liberties and market economies in Eastern Europe, German unification - quickly led commentators to proclaim the end of all ideologies and the complete triumph of liberal capitalism. Just as quickly, however, right-wing extremism began a surge in Europe that has not significantly abated to this day. Fascism and Neofascism is a collection of essays that is distinctive in two important ways. First, unlike most volumes, which cover either historical fascism or the recent radical right, Fascism and Neofascism spans both periods. Secondly, this volume also aims to bring newer modes of inquiry, rooted in cultural studies, into dialogue with more 'traditional' ways of viewing fascism. The editors' approach is deliberately interdisciplinary, even eclectic.
Freedom in the World, the Freedom House flagship survey whose findings have been published annually since 1972, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The survey ratings and narrative reports on 195 countries and fifteen territories are used by policymakers, the media, international corporations, civic activists, and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. The Freedom in the World political rights and civil liberties ratings are determined through a multi-layered process of research and evaluation by a team of regional analysts and eminent scholars. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information, including foreign and domestic news reports, academic studies, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region, in conducting their research. The methodology of the survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.
In his major work on communism, the international bestseller The Passing of an Illusion, the eminent French historian Franöois Furet devoted a lengthy footnote to German historian Ernst Nolte?s interpretation of fascism. Nolte responded, a correspondence ensued, and the result was the remarkable exchange presented in this volume. Fascism and Communism offers readers the rare opportunity to witness and learn from a confrontation between two of the world?s most distinguished historians over one of the most serious subjects of our time. Each from a different perspective, Furet and Nolte offer compelling arguments for the common genealogy of these two ideologies as well as reasons for the intellectual community?s rejection of this explosive thesis throughout the twentieth century. This discussion leads to a deeper understanding of the nature of totalitarianism as well as the trajectory and interpretation of modern European history.
Freedom in the World, the Freedom House flagship survey whose findings have been published annually since 1972, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The survey ratings and narrative reports on 195 countries and fifteen territories are used by policymakers, the media, international corporations, civic activists, and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. The Freedom in the World political rights and civil liberties ratings are determined through a multi-layered process of research and evaluation by a team of regional analysts and eminent scholars. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information, including foreign and domestic news reports, academic studies, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region, in conducting their research. The methodology of the survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.
Writing at the time of political and social crisis in Athens, Aristophanes was an eloquent yet bawdy challenger to the demagogue and the sophist. The Achanians is a plea for peace set against the background of the long war with Sparta.