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"What did ""Lamb"" symbolize in the ancient near Eastern world? What did it convey to the first-century audience of the Revelation? And why did the author use this symbol? Loren J. Johns analyzes the symbolic meaning of apviov in the Apocalypse of John as the Central feature of the Christology of Revelation."
'Reconciliation and Hope: New Testament Essays on Atonement and Eschatology' A Festschrift presented to Dr. Leon Morris on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Throughout his long and distinguished career in New Testament studies, Leon Morris has devoted considerable attention to the themes of atonement and eschatology. the nineteen essays included in this volume pay fitting tribute to Dr. Morris by reflecting and expanding on these important elements of the Christian Faith. Contributing to Reconciliation and Hope are leading evangelical biblical scholars from around the world: Australia, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Scotland, South Africa, Sweden, and the United States. An Appreciation by David A. Hubbard and a select bibliography of Morris' publications complete the volume.
In this concise and clearly written commentary, Charles H. Talbert brings to mainline Christians a fresh reading of the book of Revelation, demonstrating that it is not only accessible but relevant for the modern-day Christian. According to Talbert, the primary causes of the marginalized status of the book of Revelation by mainline Christians are threefold--the apparent inaccessibility of its meaning, the seeming impossibility of its pastoral application, and its demonstrated susceptibility to abuse. Talbert ably demonstrates that the book of Revelation was written to help the early Christians avoid assimilation into the larger pagan culture. Talbert also gives full attention to the literature of the Greco-Roman, early Christian, and early Jewish worlds as he examines the more mystical components of the narrative.
Although the Apostle John endorses “Lamb” twenty-nine times in his Apocalypse and employs a term that is used only one other time in the New Testament to this end, this unique title and its sophisticated christological implications has only received cursory attention both historically and more recently. Even then, incomplete/monochromatic interpretations of the unique verbiage John employs to describe Christ are reached. After identifying this clearing that exists in the christological forest, this book reaches a robust understanding of Revelation’s Lamb by means of a contextual-grammatical-canonical-historical hermeneutic. Ultimately, this monograph concludes that the apostle’s use of Lamb throughout his Apocalypse promotes a multifaceted christological presentation of John’s protagonist that is dependent on the paradoxical theme of glory in humility—a theme that is introduced when the Lamb first emerges in Revelation 5 and is then reiterated every time the title is used thereafter. In so doing, this work offers students and scholars alike a better understanding of who is coming in the end and what this means for the church at present.
Reading Revelation Responsibly is for those who are confused by, afraid of, and/or preoccupied with the book of Revelation. In rescuing the Apocalypse from those who either completely misinterpret it or completely ignore it, Michael Gorman has given us both a guide to reading Revelation in a responsible way and a theological engagement with the text itself. He takes interpreting the book as a serious and sacred responsibility, believing how one reads, teaches, and preaches Revelation can have a powerful impact on one's own--and other people's--well-being. Gorman pays careful attention to the book's original historical and literary contexts, its connections to the rest of Scripture, its relationship to Christian doctrine and practice, and its potential to help or harm people in their life of faith. Rather than a script for the end times, Gorman demonstrates how Revelation is a script for Christian worship, witness, and mission that runs counter to culturally embedded civil religion.
The public worship of the risen Christ as depicted in John's Apocalypse directly contradicts the guiding angel's emphasis that only God should be worshiped (Revelation 19:10; 22:8-9). In Angel Veneration and Christology, Loren Stuckenbruck explores this contradiction in light of angel veneration in Early Judaism. Stuckenbruck surveys a wide variety of Jewish traditions related to angelic worship and discovers proscriptions against sacrificing to angels; prohibitions against making images of angels; rejections of the "two powers"; second-century Christian apologetic accusations specifically directed against Jews; and, most importantly, the refusal tradition, widespread in Jewish and Jewish-Christian writings, wherein angelic messengers refuse the veneration of the seer and exhort the worship of God alone. While evidence for the practice of angel veneration among Jews of antiquity (Qumran, pseudepigraphal literature, and inscriptions from Asia Minor) does not furnish the immediate background for the worship of Christ, Stuckenbruck demonstrates that the very fact that safeguards to a monotheistic framework were issued at all throws light on the Christian practice of worshiping Jesus. The way the Apocalypse adapts the refusal tradition illuminates Revelation's declarations about and depictions of Jesus. Though the refusal tradition itself only safeguards the worship of God, Stuckenbruck traces how the tradition has been split so that the angelophanic elements were absorbed into the christophany. As Stuckenbruck shows, an angelomorphic Christology, shared by the author of Revelation and its readers, functions to preserve the author's monotheistic emphasis as well as to emphasize Christ's superiority over the angels--setting the stage for the worship of the Lamb in a monotheistic framework that does not contradict the angelic directive to worship God alone.
The act of martyrdom in the worldview of the Apocalypse has been considered to be an exemplification of non-violent resistance. Paul Middleton argues here, however, that it is in fact a representation of direct participation by Christians, through their martyrdom, in divine violence against those the author of Revelation portrays as God's enemies. Middleton shows that acceptance of martyrdom is to grasp the invitation to participate in the Revelation's divine violence. Martyrs follow the model laid down by the Lamb, who was not only slain, but resurrected, glorified, and who executes judgement. The world created by the Apocalypse encourages readers to conquer the Beast through martyrdom, but also through the experience of resurrection and being appointed judges. In this role, martyrs participate in the judgement of the wicked by sharing the Lamb's power to judge. Different from eschewing violence, the conceptual world of the Apocalypse portrays God, the Lamb, and the martyrs as possessing more power, might, and violent potential than the Emperor and his armies. Middleton believes that martyrdom and violence are necessary components of the worldview of Revelation.
This new addition to the Holy Cross Studies in Patristic Theology and History series explores early Christian views on apocalyptic themes.
The Revelation to John by Stephen Smalley is a magisterial interpretation of John's Apocalypse as a grand drama, which can only be properly understood in light of John's Gospel and letters and in the context of the Johannine community. As such, it offers the reader a significantly different approach to this enigmatic text than that offered by most contemporary commentaries. Working directly from the Greek text, Smalley offers a masterful analysis of the critical and literary dimensions of the Apocalypse for students and scholars alike. Contents include an in-depth, critical analysis of the Greek text of Revelation a wealth of scholarly interaction with other commentaries and interpretations of Revelation a canonical assessment of Revelation in light of other Johannine texts a historical understanding of Revelation in the context of the Johannine community an interpretation of Revelation as cosmic drama Here is a fresh contribution to the scholarly study of this captivating but often perplexing book of the Bible. Smalley demonstrates that the Apocalypse speaks directly to any situation in any age and offers a portrait of God's loving justice that is relevant to our own society.
Positions Revelation within an ancient Jewish context and demonstrates how the author used humor to resist Roman power.