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This book seeks a better understanding of the sociocultural and ideological factors that influence English study in Japan and study-abroad contexts such as university-bound high schools, female-dominant English classes at college, ESL schools in Canada, and private or university-affiliated ESL programs in Singapore and Malaysia. The discussion is based not only on data garnered from Japanese EFL learners and Japanese/overseas educators but also on official English language policies and commercial magazine discourses about English study for Japanese people. The book addresses seemingly incompatible themes that are either entrenched in or beyond Japan’s EFL context such as: Japan’s decades-long poorly-performing English education vs. its equally long-lived status as an economic power; Japanese English learners’ preference for native English speakers/norms in at-home Japanese EFL contexts vs. their friendship with other Asian students in western study-abroad contexts; Japanese female students’ dream of using English to further their careers vs. Japanese working women’s English study for self-enrichment; Japanese society’s obsession with globalization through English study vs. the Japanese economy sustained by monolingual Japanese businessmen; Japanese business magazines’ frequent cover issues on global business English study vs. Japanese working women’s magazines’ less frequent and markedly feminized discourses about English study.
Leading scholars in the field examine the role played by the English language in contemporary Japanese society. Their various chapters cover the nature, status, and function of English in Japan, focusing on the ways in which globalization is influencing language practices in the country.
The Persian Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary contains 811 main entries. Its major purpose is to advance the historical study of comprehensive, chiefly lexical borrowing between languages in contact. The ancillary purpose is to show how a collected corpus of loans can shed light on multiple disciplines. This wide-ranging, innovative book is the largest, most up-to-date collection of English words and multiword lexical units borrowed from Persian, directly or through a mediating language such as Hindi/Urdu, Arabic or Turkish. All general English dictionaries were searched, including electronic retrieval from the second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. A major feature of the tome is that each dictionary entry gives its first known recorded date in written English, its semantic field, any modern variant form and labels, etymology including 'native' meaning(s), English definitions in chronological order as could be dated, any derivative forms includ-ing functional shifts and compounds, sometimes a grammatical note, the symbolized sources where the loan is recorded, and the degree of naturalization in English.
This book challenges the perception of Japan as a ‘copying culture’ through a series of detailed ethnographic and historical case studies. It addresses a question about why the West has had such a fascination for the adeptness with which the Japanese apparently assimilate all things foreign and at the same time such a fear of their skill at artificially remaking and automating the world around them. Countering the idea of a Japan that deviously or ingenuously copies others, it elucidates the history of creative exchanges with the outside world and the particular myths, philosophies and concepts which are emblematic of the origins and originality of copying in Japan. The volume demonstrates the diversity and creativity of copying in the Japanese context through the translation of a series of otherwise loosely related ideas and concepts into objects, images, texts and practices of reproduction, which include: shamanic theatre, puppetry, tea utensils, Kyoto town houses, architectural models, genres of painting, calligraphy, and poetry, ‘sample’ food displays, and the fashion and car industries.
This edited volume brings together 10 cutting-edge empirical studies on the realities of English language learning, teaching and testing in a wide range of global contexts where English is an additional language. It covers three themes: learners’ development of interactional competence, the organization of teaching and testing practices, and sociocultural and ideological forces that may impact classroom interaction. With a decided focus on English-as-a-Foreign-Language contexts, the studies involve varied learner populations, from children to young adults to adults, in different learning environments around the world. The insights gained will be of interest to EFL professionals, as well as teacher trainers, policymakers and researchers.
More than 60 authors – supreme and high court judges, law professors, legal specialists in corporate and private practice – from Europe, East Asia, and the United States contribute original essays to this excellent compilation of the current issues regarding the laws and practices in intellectual property in Europe and Japan. The articles cover a broad spectrum of subjects, including the procedural implications of litigation, international jurisdiction, doctrines of exhaustion, utility model systems and practice, and employed inventor’s compensation, as well as the special aspects of pharmaceutical patenting such as obtaining supplementary protection certificates. Many of the articles also include a comparative analysis of the laws and practices in both geographical regions or deal with the same legal issues but in different jurisdictions, for instance: the reform of the Japanese judicial system to establish an IP-based nation; the role of patent firms in the economic development of Japan; disclosure requirements in Japan: a judge's view; I.P. High Court decisions on inventive step; international jurisdiction in Japan, Europe and the United States; patent infringement by multiple parties in Japan; patent exhaustion in Japan; corporate remuneration systems for employees' inventions in Japan and Germany; the present and future of Japan's utility model system; notable differences between Korean and German patent infringement and invalidation practices; fifteen years of the Eurasian Patent System; the future European and EU Patents Court; opposition proceedings at the EPO: tips for success; the interaction between infringement and invalidity decisions in German patent disputes; protection of confidential information in patent litigation in the UK and Germany; interpretation and determination of the scope of patents by the French Courts; provocative thoughts on the patenting of new pharmaceuticals; Obama Care: implications for research pharmaceutical companies; and many others.
Available for the first time in English, The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan (1996) is Lee Yeounsuk’s award-winning look at the history and ideology behind the construction of kokugo (national language). Prior to the Meiji Period (1868–1912), the idea of a single, unified Japanese language did not exist. Only as Japan was establishing itself as a modern nation-state and an empire with expanding colonies did there arise the need for a national language to construct and sustain its national identity. Re-examining debates and controversies over genbun itchi (unification of written and spoken languages) and other language reform movements, Lee discusses the contributions of Ueda Kazutoshi (1867–1937) and Hoshina Koichi (1872–1955) in the creation of kokugo and moves us one step closer to understanding how the ideology of kokugo cast a spell over linguistic identity in modern Japan. She examines the notion of the unshakable homogeneity of the Japanese language—a belief born of the political climate of early-twentieth-century Japan and its colonization of other East Asian countries—urging us to pay attention to the linguistic consciousness that underlies "scientific" scholarship and language policies. Her critical discussion of the construction of kokugo uncovers a strain of cultural nationalism that has been long nurtured in Japan’s education system and academic traditions. The ideology of kokugo, argues Lee, must be recognized both as an academic apparatus and a political concept. The Ideology of Kokugo was the first work to explore Japan’s linguistic consciousness at the dawn of its modernization. It will therefore be of interest to not only linguists, but also historians, anthropologists, political scientists, and scholars in the fields of education and cultural studies.