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The International Large Detector (ILD) is a concept for a detector at the International Linear Collider, ILC. The ILC will collide electrons and positrons at energies of initially 500 GeV, upgradeable to 1 TeV. The ILC has an ambitious physics program, which will extend and complement that of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The ILC physics case has been well documented, most recently in the ILC Reference Design Report, RDR. A hallmark of physics at the ILC is precision. The clean initial state and the comparatively benign environment of a lepton collider are ideally suited to high precision measurements. To take full advantage of the physics potential of ILC places great demands on the detector performance. The design of ILD, which is based on the GLD and the LDC detector concepts, is driven by these requirements. Excellent calorimetry and tracking are combined to obtain the best possible overall event reconstruction, including the capability to reconstruct individual particles within jets for particle flow calorimetry. This requires excellent spatial resolution for all detector systems. A highly granular calorimeter system is combined with a central tracker which stresses redundancy and efficiency. In addition, efficient reconstruction of secondary vertices and excellent momentum resolution for charged particles are essential for an ILC detector. The interaction region of the ILC is designed to host two detectors, which can be moved into the beam position with a 'push-pull' scheme. The mechanical design of ILD and the overall integration of subdetectors takes these operational conditions into account. The main features of ILD are outlined below. The central component of the ILD tracker is a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) which provides up to 224 precise measurements along the track of a charged particle. This is supplemented by a system of Silicon (Si) based tracking detectors, which provide additional measurement points inside and outside of the TPC, and extend the angular coverage down to very small angles. A Si-pixel based vertex detector (VTX) enables long lived particles such as b- and c-hadrons to be reconstructed. This combination of tracking devices, which has a large degree of redundancy, results in high track reconstruction efficiencies, and unprecedented momentum resolution and vertex reconstruction capabilities. One of the most direct measures of detector performance at the ILC is the jet-energy resolution. Precise di-jet mass reconstruction and separation of hadronically decaying W and Z bosons are essential for many physics channels. The ultimate jet energy resolution is achieved when every particle in the event, charged and neutral, is measured with the best possible precision. Within the paradigm of particle flow calorimetry, this goal is achieved by reconstructing charged particles in the tracker, photons in the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), and neutral hadrons in the ECAL and hadronic calorimeter (HCAL). The ultimate performance is reached for perfect separation of charged-particle clusters from neutral particle clusters in the calorimeters. Thus, a highly granular calorimeter outside the tracker is the second key component of ILD. Sampling calorimeters with dense absorber material and fine grained readout are used. A tungsten absorber based electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) covers the first interaction length, followed by a somewhat coarser steel based sampling hadronic calorimeter (HCAL). Several ECAL and HCAL readout technologies are being pursued.
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a mega-scale, technically complex project, requiring large financial resources and cooperation of thousands of scientists and engineers from all over the world. Such a big and expensive project has to be discussed publicly, and the planned goals have to be clearly formulated. This book advocates for the demand for the project, motivated by the current situation in particle physics. The natural and most powerful way of obtaining new knowledge in particle physics is to build a new collider with a larger energy. In this approach, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was created and is now operating at the world record center of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Although the design of colliders with a larger energy of 50-100 TeV has been discussed, the practical realization of such a project is not possible for another 20-30 years. Of course, many new results are expected from LHC over the next decade. However, we must also think about other opportunities, and in particular, about the construction of more dedicated experiments. There are many potentially promising projects, however, the most obvious possibility to achieve significant progress in particle physics in the near future is the construction of a linear e+e- collider with energies in the range (250-1000) GeV. Such a project, the ILC, is proposed to be built in Kitakami, Japan. This book will discuss why this project is important and which new discoveries can be expected with this collider.
This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the "Particle Physics Reference Library" provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A, B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access
This BriefBook is a much extended glossary or a much condensed handbook, depending on the way one looks at it. It deals with detectors in particle and nuclear physics experiments. The authors describe, in encyclopedic format, the physics, the application, and the analysis of data from these detectors. Ample reference is made to the published literature. An introduction for newcomers, a reference for scientists.
The exploration of the subnuclear world is done through increasingly complex experiments covering a wide range of energy and performed in a large variety of environments ranging from particle accelerators, underground detectors to satellites and the space laboratory. Among recent advances one has to indicate, for instance, first results obtained from space and LHC experiments and progress done in preparation of the latter experiments upgrades, including plans for the LHC machine upgrade. The achievement of these research programs calls for novel techniques, new materials and instrumentation to be used in detectors, often of large scale. Therefore, fundamental physics is at the forefront of technological advance and also leads to many applications. Among these, medical applications have a particular importance due to health and social benefits they bring to the public. Sample Chapter(s). Science highlights from the Fenni Observatory (5,046 KB). Contents: Space Experiments and Cosmic Rays Observations; Production and Propagation of Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy and Heliosphere; Dark Matter Searches, Underwater and Underground Experiments; High Energy Physics Experiments; Tracker and Position Sensitive Detectors; Calorimetry; Advanced Detectors, Particles Identication, Devices and Materials in Radiation; Broader Impact Activities, Treatments and Software Application. Readership: Post-graduate students, researchers and engineers.
The main purpose of this seminar is to discuss the frontier of nuclear spectroscopy, emphasizing the high spin nuclear spectroscopy and related topics. It includes lower spin spectroscopy, the chaotic nuclear phenomena and the double beta decay. This seminar consists of 15 invited talks and panel discussion on the detector frontier for the in-beam nuclear spectroscopy.
Annotation The International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics has become the major forum for state-of-the-art developments of calorimetry techniques. The tenth conference was attended by about 150 physicists from 20 countries and covered all aspects of calorimetric particle detection and measurements, with emphasis on high energy physics experiments as well as experiments in nuclear physics and astrophysics.The proceedings contain three parts: introductory papers, contributed papers and a summary. The introductory papers start with a historical review of the development of calorimetry technology, and continue with overviews of the current status of calorimetry in high energy physics and astrophysics, which are followed by discussions on calorimetry in future accelerator facilities, such as linear colliders and the Super B Factory. A "hot" technology regarding the "energy flow concept" is also dealt with