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Porosity in fusion welds in titanium has been encountered to some extent in all programs using this joining method. While measures to control cleanliness and to employ good welding techniques have successfully reduced the occurrence of porosity, specific indentification of the various causes of porosity is still lacking. Some factors suspected of causing porosity in titanium welds are hydrogen, cleanliness of joint area, contamination in filler wire, and welding procedures and techniques.
For the economical construction of offshore structures and pipelines, a clear need exists for welding processes which are capable of depositing weld metal of high integrity and toughness, and which offer significantly improved productivity, relative to the conventional, shielded metal arc welding process. This report examines the potential of pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for these applications. The report describes a study of the influence of shielding gas composition on pulsed GMAW characteristics and weld metal mechanical properties to determine the optimum gas mixures for the pulsed GMAW of structural and pipeline steels for offshore oil and gas installations. Preferred oxygen potential was determined through an investigation of the effect of variations in CO2 content of Ar-CO2 gas mixtures on weld metal properties. Maintaining the oxygen potential constant for each welding application, the effect of additions of He and H2 and variations in CO2 and O2 content on arc stability and metal transfer and on penetration and fusion characteristics were investigated.
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The effect of nitrogen addition, heat input, and filler metals on weld metal microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy 316 ASS are studied. Autogenous gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is employed by adding up to 2vol. % N2 in Ar. These variables affect a number of welding aspects, including arc characteristics and microstructure. The influence of shielding gas mixtures on microstructure and mechanical properties of GTAW of austenitic 316 stainless steel is studied. Mechanical properties of welds are determined through uniaxial tension, hardness measurements, impact, and bending tests. Weld defects, as porosity and inclusions are examined using radiographic testing. Weld specimens are free of porosity, inclusions, and hydrogen cracking. Mechanical properties and cooling rate are lower at higher heat input, but the cooling time, nugget area, and solidification time are higher. The addition of N2 to Ar shielding gas leads to higher values of the ultimate tensile strength ,ÄòUTS,Äô, yield stress ,ÄòYS,Äô, and elongation percent. UTS, YS, and elongation of welds depend on heat input, filler metal, and N2 content of shielding gas. Finally, a mathematical model is built depending upon the welding current, filler metals, and shielding gases.
This one-stop reference is a tremendous value and time saver for engineers, designers and researchers. Emerging technologies, including aluminum metal-matrix composites, are combined with all the essential aluminum information from the ASM Handbook series (with updated statistical information).