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I. Social institutions and gender inequality -- 1. The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Database -- 1.3. Construction of the Subindices -- 1.3.1. Measuring the Association between Categorical Variables -- 1.3.2. Aggregating Variables to Build a Subindex -- 1.4. The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) -- 1.5. Results -- 1.5.1. Country Rankings and Regional Patterns -- 1.5.2. Simple Correlation with other Gender-related Indices -- 1.5.3. Regression Analysis -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 1.7. Tables -- 1.8. Figures -- 2. Why care about social inst. related to gender ineq. -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Social Institutions and Household Decisions -- 2.2.1. Social Institutions and Female Education -- 2.2.2. Social Institutions and Fertility and Child Mortality Rates -- 2.3. Social Institutions and the Society: Governance -- 2.4. Data -- 2.5. Empirical estimation and Results -- 2.5.1. Empirical estimation -- 2.5.2. Results -- 2.6. Conclusion -- 2.7. Tables -- 3. Reexamining the link between gender and corruption -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Empirical Estimation and Results -- 3.2.1. Data -- 3.2.2. Empirical Estimation -- 3.2.3. Results -- 3.3. Conclusion -- 3.4. Tables -- 3.5. Figures -- II. Regional growth convergence in Colombia -- 4. Regional convergence in Colombia: Income indicators -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Motivation and Background -- 4.2.1. Economic Background -- 4.2.2. Data Issues Affecting Convergence Results in Colombia -- 4.3. The Solow Model and Its Estimation -- 4.3.1. The Solow Model -- 4.3.2. Absolute Beta-Convergence -- 4.3.3. Conditional Convergence -- 4.3.4. Parameter Heterogeneity: Are There Different Steady States? -- 4.3.5. Sigma-Convergence -- 4.4. Distributional Approach: Quah's Critique -- 4.5. Empirical Estimation and Results -- 4.5.1. Sigma-Convergence -- 4.5.2. Absolute Beta-Convergence -- 4.5.3. Conditional Beta-Convergence Using Control Variables -- 4.5.4. Beta-Convergence Using Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data -- 4.5.5. Kernel Density Estimators -- 4.6. Conclusions -- 4.7. Tables -- 4.8. Figures -- 5. Regional convergence in Colombia: Social indicators -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Motivation -- 5.3. Methods for Measuring Convergence -- 5.4. Data and Empirical Estimation -- 5.4.1. Data -- 5.4.2. Empirical estimation -- 5.5. Results -- 5.5.1. Literacy Rate -- 5.5.2. Infant Survival Rate -- 5.5.3. Life Expectancy at Birth -- 5.5.4. Nourishment -- 5.6. Conclusions -- 5.7. Tables -- 5.8. Figures -- Appendices -- Appendix to Essay 1.
Gender inequality holds back not just women but the economic and social development of entire societies. This atlas presents a new measure of gender inequality which examines women’s status according to family situation, physical integrity, son preference, civil liberties and ownership rights.
"The essential role institutions play in understanding economic development has long been recognised and has been closely studied across the social sciences but some of the most high profile work has been done by economists many of whom are included in this collection covering a wide range of topics including the relationship between institutions and growth, educational systems, the role of the media and the intersection between traditional systems of patronage and political institutions. Each chapter covers the frontier research in its area and points to new areas of research and is the product of extensive workshopping and editing. The editors have also written an excellent introduction which brings together the key themes of the handbook. The list of contributors is stellar (Steven Durlauf, Throsten Beck, Bob Allen,and includes a diverse mix of Western and non Western, male and female scholars)"
Ensuring women's economic empowerment and access to and control over resources requires an integrated approach to growth and development, focused on gender-responsive employment promotion and informed by the interdependency between economic and social development. Social objectives need to be incorporated into economic policies. Economic growth strategies should give attention to the real economy and focus on creating a gender-sensitive macroeconomic environment, full employment and decent work, access to land, property and other productive resources as well as financial services, and full coverage of social protection measures. The Survey outlines a number of concrete recommendations in these critical areas, which if adopted, will facilitate women's equitable access to and control over economic and financial resources.
This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.
This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.
The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
The excellent list of themes and chapters in this volume reflects the maturity reached by feminist economics in its different dimensions. Based on the notion of social provisioning for all as the basic objective of economics, they represent a challenge to conventional economic thought and they show the importance of understanding theory, institutions, empirical work, and policy from a gender perspective. The global perspective provided through themes and authors is a very useful contribution to the literature. Lourdes Bener'a, Cornell University, US Standard economics has a narrow and distorted vision of what the economy is, and how it works. Gender scholars are on the forefront of developing better, more encompassing models of human provisioning for well-being. This volume presents a wonderful sampling of these new theoretical and empirical developments. Paula England, New York University, US This is an impressive collection that delves deeply and broadly into the myriad ways that gender shapes and alters economic lives and illuminates complex facets of the economic and social provisioning process across the globe. The chapters, by an exciting variety of researchers, policy analysts, and practitioners from numerous fields, present a consistent and persuasive vision of economic well-being as critical to the flourishing of all people. Myra H. Strober, Stanford University, US In the aftermath of global economic downturn, it has never been more important to understand how gender relates to economic life and well-being. This interdisciplinary collection of original research details key areas of intersection, provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and proposes avenues for further investigation. The Handbook illuminates complex facets of the economic and social provisioning process across the globe. The contributors academics, policy analysts and practitioners from wide-ranging areas of expertise discuss the methodological approaches to, and analytical tools for, conducting research on the gender dimension of economic life. They also provide analyses of major issues facing both developed and developing countries. Topics explored include civil society, discrimination, informal work, working time, central bank policy, health, education, food security, poverty, migration, environmental activism and the financial crisis. Economists, sociologists and political scientists will find this book to be an invaluable research tool, as will academics, researchers and students with an interest in economics particularly feminist economics gender studies and global studies.
A popular myth about the travails of Africa holds that the continent's long history of poor economic performance reflects the inability of its leaders and policymakers to fulfill the long list of preconditions to be met before sustained growth can be achieved. These conditions are said to vary from the necessary quantity and quality of physical and human capital to the appropriate institutions and business environments. While intellectually charming and often elegantly formulated, that conventional wisdom is actually contradicted by historical evidence and common sense. It also suggests a form of intellectual mimicry that posits a unique path to prosperity for all countries regardless of their level of development and economic structure. In fact, the argument underlining that reasoning is tautological, and the policy prescriptions derived from it are fatally teleological: low-income countries are by definition those where such ingredients are missing. None of today's high-income countries started its growth process with the "required" and complete list of growth ingredients. Unless one truly believes that the continent of Africa-and most developing countries-are ruled predominantly if not exclusively by plutocrats with a high propensity for sadomasochism, the conventional view must be re-examined, debated, and questioned. This volume-the second of the ^lOxford Handbook of Africa and Economics-reassesses the economic policies and practices observed across the continent since independence. It offers a collection of analyses by some of the leading economists and development thinkers of our time, and reflects a wide range of perspectives and viewpoints. Africa's emergence as a potential economic powerhouse in the years and decades ahead amply justifies the scope and ambition of the book.