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The purpose of this dissertation was to examine if individual differences in personality and cognition explain why some parrots develop abnormal behaviors in captivity while others do not. Orange-winged Amazon parrots, Amazona amazonica, were used as the model species. Twenty parrots were hatched from an established breeding colony of A. amazonica. Chicks were parent-reared with human interaction until fledging at approximately 60 days post-hatch. The first study developed a multi-dimensional personality assessment for Amazona amazonica using subjective ratings, and then experimentally tested the prediction that a state difference in attention bias for threat would correlate with personality differences. The results showed that two personality dimensions, Neuroticism and Extraversion, could be reliably assessed using subjective assessment, and that personalities were stable over a one year period of time. Individual differences in Neuroticism were correlated with biologically relevant differences in cognition, as measured by attention biases for environmental stimuli. The strategies used by the parrots when learning the cognitive task were evaluated in a separate study. The parrots were able to alter their search strategies when reward contingencies changed, demonstrating cognitive flexibility. They were also able to remember the task over a six-month period. Lateralization had a significant influence on learning set acquisition but no effect on cognitive flexibility. The final study evaluated the relationship between personality dimensions and abnormal behaviors under different housing conditions. After being reared in an enriched environment, the parrots' enrichments were removed for 20 weeks and were then replaced for an additional 20 weeks. Personality not only played a role in the severity of abnormal repetitive behaviors, but different aspects of personality were related to distinct forms of abnormal behavior. More neurotic parrots had worse feather condition across the housing periods, while more extraverted birds developed fewer stereotypies during the deprivation period and had lower levels of these behaviors after re-enrichment. The studies in this dissertation are a starting point for understanding the factors that render certain individuals more or less susceptible to environmental stress and abnormal behavior development in captivity. In addition to contributing to the basic scientific understanding of personality, and of cognitive function in Neotropical parrot species, the work has important applied implications. The methods used in these studies have promise as tools for assessing the psychological well being of captive animals.
This authoritative reference, the first of its kind, is a necessary addition to the library of any practitioner or behaviorist who sees avain companion animals. Because of their beauty, intelligence, playfulness and ability in mimicry, parrots are the most widely kept companion birds. It is estimated that more than half of the psittacine cases presented to clinicians are the result of behavioral problems-problems inherent to captivity. Bringing together a host of international experts on avian behavior, Manual of Parrot Behavior explores the many facets of psittacine behavior, both normal and abnormal. The book not only provides readers with a solid understanding of the basic principles of psittacine behavior but also offers useful techniques of diagnosis and treatment for specific problems. Covers both normal and abnormal parrot behavior Offers practical techniques on diagnosis and treatment of behavior problems Written by a team of international experts on avian behavior A necessary addition to the library of any practitioner of behaviorist who sees avian companion animals
Ask anyone who has owned a pet and they’ll assure you that, yes, animals have personalities. And science is beginning to agree. Researchers have demonstrated that both domesticated and nondomesticated animals—from invertebrates to monkeys and apes—behave in consistently different ways, meeting the criteria for what many define as personality. But why the differences, and how are personalities shaped by genes and environment? How did they evolve? The essays in Animal Personalities reveal that there is much to learn from our furred and feathered friends. The study of animal personality is one of the fastest-growing areas of research in behavioral and evolutionary biology. Here Claudio Carere and Dario Maestripieri, along with a host of scholars from fields as diverse as ecology, genetics, endocrinology, neuroscience, and psychology, provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on animal personality. Grouped into thematic sections, chapters approach the topic with empirical and theoretical material and show that to fully understand why personality exists, we must consider the evolutionary processes that give rise to personality, the ecological correlates of personality differences, and the physiological mechanisms underlying personality variation.