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Seeds for economically important crops are big business indeed. As large seed companies continue to improve their product in various ways, they make use of the original gene pools of these plants, often located in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. With increasing recognition that plant germplasm is an important raw material, highly charged international disputes have developed over the exchange and use of this material, adding another point of contention between poor nations and the manufacturing wealthier ones. Twenty experts from several nations, representing both the natural and social sciences, consider the historical background, the issue of patent rights as applied to plant germplasm, the nature of global genetic interdependence, the internationalization of the seed industry, the implications of biotechnology on genetic resources, the Third World attitude toward the debate, and the viewpoints of the International Agricultural Research Centers.
How plant genetic resources conservation became a global issue; Breeding strategies and conservation strategies; Establishing a globa es situ conservation network.
This anchor volume to the series Managing Global Genetic Resources examines the structure that underlies efforts to preserve genetic material, including the worldwide network of genetic collections; the role of biotechnology; and a host of issues that surround management and use. Among the topics explored are in situ versus ex situ conservation, management of very large collections of genetic material, problems of quarantine, the controversy over ownership or copyright of genetic material, and more.
For ages, farmers have domesticated plant varieties, while scientists have "made" nature through hybridization and other processes. This give and take-mediated through negotiations, persuasion, the marketplace, and even coercion-has resulted in what we call "nature" and has led to a homogenization of plant crops. Yet homogenization has led to new problems: genetic vulnerability, and the lack of systems to maintain plant germplasm of varieties no longer grown in the fields. This book addresses issues previously viewed as primarily technical concerning the germplasm debate: that is, how, what, and where to store the range of genetic materials necessary to reproduce plants. By examining Brazil, Chile, France, and the United States, the authors show how different cultures respond to the decline in genetic diversity. The findings show that the quest for uniformity in foods, agriculture, and environment eventually threatens everyone. The politicization of this debate is inevitable because the destruction of human cultural diversity goes hand in hand with the destruction of plant varietal diversity. The authors agree that responses to the controversies must involve food security, relinking of food with agriculture and the environment, revaluing traditional knowledge, and rethinking development. They stress that answers will be found not by experts acting unilaterally but through the democratization of scientific and technical exchange. Lawrence Busch is professor of sociology at Michigan State University. William B. Lacy is director of the Cooperative Extension Service at Cornell University. Jeffrey Burkhardt is a professor of agricultural economics at the Institute for Food and AgriculturalSciences at the University of Florida. Douglas Hemken is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Rural Sociology at the University of Wisconsin. Jubel Moraga-Rojel is professor of sociology at the Universidade Australe del Chile. Timothy Koponen is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at Northwestern University and Josi de Souza Silva is with the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources at FAO in Rome.
This genetic resources impact study was commissioned as part of a general impact study on all aspects of agricultural research and development within the CGIAR organization. Since the term genetic resources often means different things to different people, the first part of this report gives a discussion on the subject and attempts to define the terminology in general use. The second part of the report describes the genetic resources activities of the international centres and of the International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR). It also attempts to evaluate the impacts of each stage in the genetic resources chain. The third part sums up the work, assesses its strengths and weaknesses, and makes suggestions for future development. The writer concludes that genetic resources are being made freely available to those who request them. The International Board of Plant Genetic Resources is promoting and developing the use of genetic resources materials, and IARC breeders are taking full advantage of the germplasm available to them, passing breeding lines and selections to national programmes for further trials and, where appropriate, releasing new varieties with better yields, adaptation and resistances than those previously available.