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Five new chapters address issues in neuropsychological screening, eight steps to interpretation of test results, and use of the Bender Gestalt Test with children, adolescents, and older adults. The book serves as a comprehensive manual for the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Bender Gestalt Test. The diagnostic significance of general and specific behavioral observations is stressed and a format for recording them is included. For scoring, there are descriptions and multiple examples within the author's adaptation of the 12 errors of the Hutt and Briskin scoring system. The reader can use the 12 varied clinical case examples with explication of the scoring and 10 additional practice cases to gain rapid scoring facility and accuracy. Norms are provided for adult non-patients and psychiatric inpatients, nonpatient and demented older adults, and adolescents.
Although personality assessment and delineation was attempted as early as the fifth century, the intensive study of human personality characteristics and efforts to measure them are less than two hundred years old. Instruments to measure the unconscious aspects of personality began to emerge early in the twentieth century, largely as a result of the work of those interested in the measurement of human perception. The Bender Gestalt Test was catapulted into prominence when World War II provided an urgent need for personality tests to diagnose huge numbers of American soldiers who were culturally and geographically diverse, more than occasionally illiterate, and often suffering from one of many psychiatric disorders or some degree of organic brain syndrome. Since the Bender Gestalt Test could be administered to large groups of soldiers in five to ten minutes, it became one of the most popular tests of that era, and it has remained one of the five most popular and frequently used tests for the assessment of personality and neurologic abnormalities. American academicians, researchers, and clinicians affected by the surge in cost containment measures of managed health care and the sharply reduced funding in outpatient and inpatient mental health services are seeking expeditious, inexpensive solutions for complex, often chronic problems. The Bender Gestalt Test offers quick, relatively culture-free, non-verbal personality and neurologic information that is ideal for group administration. Based on thirty years of experience with more than twenty thousand subjects of diverse ethnic and educational backgrounds, as well as independent research conducted at the University of Miami, Florida, the system developed by Reichenberg and Raphael offers a new means of extending and increasing the dynamic personality assessment usage of the test. As such, it is of great use to researchers and practitioners in medical and psychiatric hospitals and counseling and assessment programs in both the public and private sectors.
With increased interest in predicting and ultimately preventing academic failure in children comes the need for effective preschool and primary school assessment. The first step in developing an effective assessment program is to select tests that will yield data needed for individual decision making. One factor that has been shown to contribute to the prediction of children’s academic achievement is visual-motor-integration skill. The Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test was developed in the 1980s to measure visual-motor-integration skill in preschool and early elementary school children. The assessment instrument utilizes six of the nine Bender-Gestalt Test designs, which are copied by the child. It may be administered in either individual or group format. The scoring system involves a six-point scale used to judge the overall quality of each design. Examiners will find the assessment instrument easy to administer, score, and interpret. Further, research has shown that the assessment instrument is a reliable and valid predictor of school achievement. This book will describe the development and refinement of the Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test. In addition, it will provide detailed information and guidelines for administering, scoring, and interpreting the test. Specifically, there are separate chapters on administration and scoring, standardization and norming, reliability and validity, and interpretation. In short, the book contains everything psychologists and educational specialists need to know to use the Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test.
For centuries the "treatment" of mentally disturbed individuals was quite simple. They were accused of collusion with evil spirits, hunted, and persecuted. The last "witch" was killed as late as 1782 in Switzerland. Mentally disturbed people did not fare much better even when the witchhunting days were gone. John Christian Reil gave the following description of mental pa tients at the crossroads of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: We incarcerate these miserable creatures as if they were criminals in abandoned jails, near to the lairs of owls in barren canyons beyond the city gates, or in damp dungeons of prisons, where never a pitying look of a humanitarian penetrates; and we let them, in chains, rot in their own excrement. Their fetters have eaten off the flesh of their bones, and their emaciated pale faces look expectantly toward the graves which will end their misery and cover up our shamefulness. (1803) The great reforms introduced by Philippe Pinel at Bicetre in 1793 augured the beginning of a new approach. Pinel ascribed the "sick role," and called for compas sion and help. One does not need to know much about those he wants to hurt, but one must know a lot in order to help. Pinel's reform was followed by a rapid develop ment in research of causes, symptoms, and remedies of mental disorders. There are two main prerequisites for planning a treatment strategy.