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One hundred thousand Palestinians fled to Syria after being expelled from Palestine upon the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Integrating into Syrian society over time, their experience stands in stark contrast to the plight of Palestinian refugees in other Arab countries, leading to different ways through which to understand the 1948 Nakba, or catastrophe, in their popular memory. Conducting interviews with first-, second-, and third-generation members of Syria's Palestinian community, Anaheed Al-Hardan follows the evolution of the Nakba—the central signifier of the Palestinian refugee past and present—in Arab intellectual discourses, Syria's Palestinian politics, and the community's memorialization. Al-Hardan's sophisticated research sheds light on the enduring relevance of the Nakba among the communities it helped create, while challenging the nationalist and patriotic idea that memories of the Nakba are static and universally shared among Palestinians. Her study also critically tracks the Nakba's changing meaning in light of Syria's twenty-first-century civil war.
A scathing and brilliant revisionist history, Defending the Holy Land is the most comprehensive analysis to date of Israel's national security and foreign policy, from the inception of the State of Israel to the present. Book jacket.
Over 110 species of mammals roamed the forests, mountains, and deserts of this ancient "Land of Canaan"--Jordan, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine. Their impact on humans can be seen in cave drawings made by the Neanderthal inhabitants of northern Palestine some 200,000 years ago and gleaned from the writings of all Near Eastern civilizations. In recent centuries, encroachment by an increasing human population has resulted in the extinction of several species--aurochs (wild ox), red deer, onagers, Syrian wild asses roebucks (roe deer), fallow deer, Syrian brown bears, and cheetahs. Currently at risk are such large mammals as the leopard, wolf, wild cat, caracal, ibex, and dessert gazelles as well as may small mammals especially small carnivores, insectivores, and bats. Mammals of the Holy Land, summarizes the information that is known about the mammals that inhabit this historic land. with keys to identification, a glossary of terms, a basic introduction to the study of mammals, and a discussion of the impact these mammals have had on humans, a well as taxonomic and natural history information for each species, this book will be useful to both the professional and non-professional.