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Aside from skin cancer, breast cancer is currently considered the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the U.S. It is unique from other cancers in that it presents extreme financial costs, coupled with both physiological and psychological consequences for the impacted women and their families. Lifestyle factors are known contributors to rates of breast cancer, and knowledge is essential to its prevention. Women who are classified as "emerging adults" offer a vital window of opportunity for intervention, as lifestyle patterns are often set during this time. This cross-sectional, descriptive study examined the level of breast cancer knowledge, beliefs, and screening behaviors among a sample of emerging adult college women (n = 342) in the southeastern U.S. by measuring participants' confidence, health motivation, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers, in addition to their degree of worry in relation to breast cancer. Participants responded to a written, self-report 86-item questionnaire. All analyses were conducted using SAS® 9.0. Results of the study showed participants had a low level of perceived susceptibility towards breast cancer, as well as relatively low overall breast cancer knowledge. Findings also revealed a significant association between ethnicity, year in school, and family history of breast cancer and participants' general degree of breast cancer-related worry. Of the Health Belief Model constructs, confidence and perceived barriers were found to significantly predict breast self-examination. The college years provide a great opportunity for health intervention strategies. Health program planners should aim to develop interventions that are adapted to address the unique needs of women who are transitioning from adolescence to adulthood. These interventions should center on enhancing self-efficacy of breast cancer screening and reducing barriers. Education-based programs are also needed to increase women's overall knowledge and awareness of breast cancer-related issues. Such strategies have great potential to enhance women's quality of life and positively influence those with whom they closely interact.
One of every eight women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. Although early detection of breast cancer is the most effective method of assuring survival, many women throughout the country do not avail themselves of this advantage. This study examined mammography screening practices of women age 55 and older who attended senior citizen centers in rural, non-metro, and metro counties in the areas designated by the Tennessee Department of Health as the Eastern Grand Division of Tennessee. Data were collected from four hundred women from fourteen counties in East Tennessee using the Champion Health Belief Survey instrument. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. Descriptive analyses were presented consisting of the percentage or mean responses for each of the survey items. Chi Square and ANOVA were used to test whether the observed proportions for mammography screening differed from the hypothesized proportions. Results from this study revealed that health beliefs and demographic characteristics were associated with a higher likelihood of having recent mammography. The health beliefs of participants concerning the perceived benefits of mammograms and the perceived barriers to obtaining mammograms significantly impact one's willingness to engage in breast cancer screening practices. Also, the woman's perceived susceptibility to the disease of breast cancer and her perceived seriousness of the disease of breast cancer have a significant impact on breast cancer screening practices. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the screening practices of women based on whether they had health insurance and if their physician recommended a mammogram.
Individual attitudes and perceptions are seen as the basis for determining health screening behavior. Preventive behavior is also influenced by factors acting at the individual and community levels. Interventions are likely to be more effective when they address determinants at all levels because significant and dynamic interrelationships exist among different levels of health determinants. The following papers identify structural, organizational, and sociocultural influences that may preclude women from using preventive health care, specifically breast-screening services, and affect individual attitudes toward breast cancer screening. The Evaluation of a Breast Cancer Screening Program in Nigeria examines the objectives and resources of a nonprofits breast cancer screening program to determine if its expectations are realistic and achievable within its current in the context. The Association of Chronic Diseases and Mammography among Medicare Beneficiaries Living in Appalachia examines the associations between the number and prevalence of chronic health conditions and adherence to breast screening guidelines among Medicare beneficiaries in four Appalachian states. Breast Cancer Screening and Health Care System Distrust by Race and Nativity in Philadelphia examines the influence of health care system distrust on breast cancer screening utilization among residents of southeast Pennsylvania by race and nativity. These studies offer a socioecological view of attitudes and perceptions toward uptake of mammograms in three different populations. These attitudes, whether perceived or actual, act as barriers that prevent vulnerable women in multicultural societies from using breast cancer screening services. A better understanding of these womens perceptions and beliefs allows for sustainable macro and micro level approaches to lowering barriers and achieving greater participation of women from minority or other disadvantaged social groups in breast cancer programs.
Background and Purpose. Early detection of breast cancer has saved countless lives annually. Nationally, women of color experience higher rates of invasive breast cancer and mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of breast cancer screening among women of color (African American, Hispanic, and Pacific Islander) in order to promote preventive and supportive measures. Puget Sound Affiliates of Susan G. Komen explored breast cancer and breast cancer screening habits among 16 counties in Washington State through focus groups and semi-structured interviews in a community needs assessment in 2011. Findings from the community needs assessment identified counties with disproportionately high occurrence of newly invasive breast cancer diagnosis or invasive breast cancer, and worse outcomes among women of color. Methods. Using qualitative data provided by Puget Sound Affiliates of Susan G. Komen, this study explored the perceptions of 68 women of color ranging in age from 25 to 74. The data was analyzed using content analysis in Microsoft Excel and Nvivo 10. Evaluation. Finding contributed to a greater understanding of the perceptions of breast cancer among women of color to improve breast health outcomes within the community. Clinical Implication and Recommendation. The analysis of the qualitative data provided an informative guide to improve breast health care and implement new measures within communities among women of color through education and outreach.