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There is a small, but finite, probability that radio frequency currents induced in industrial structures may cause sparking at discontinuities. If a flammable gaseous mixture is present, and if the incident field strength is sufficiently great, an ignition may result, leading to deleterious consequences. There is a demand for soundly based, realistic assessment procedures to estimate the significance of this mode of hazard at sensitive industrial plants. This thesis describes work undertaken to advance understanding of this hazard and to refine assessment procedures. The first three chapters give historical reviews of the hazard and attempts to quantify it, culminating in a procedure proposed by the author. Detailed analyses are presented, on which the proposed procedure is based, particular attention being given to the behaviour of typical industrial structures as unintended receiving, antennas. The succeeding four chapters describe experimental work on one aspect of the hazard: ignition by pulsed microwave sources (e.g. radar). Design of an ignition cell. is considered, and detailed analyses of its performance are presented. The microwave power for the cell was supplied by a radar source and comprehensive instrumentation applied to the circuit, as a result of which detailed observation of the ignition phenomena was possible. These observations are presented and assessments made of the minimum energy absorbed in the ignition of hydrogen, ethylene, methane and propane, each in their most-easily-ignited admixture with air at NTP. The conclusions, the most important of which is that the current widely-accepted value of the minimum ignition energy of hydrogen is too high, are summarised in the final chapter, together with suggestions for further research.
Radio-wave hazards, Radio waves, Radiofrequencies, Electromagnetic radiation, Radiation protection, Fire safety, Fire risks, Flammable atmospheres, Flammable materials, Explosive atmospheres, Ignition, Electric sparks, Transmitters, Radio transmitters, Radar transmitters, Antennas, Television transmitters, Communication equipment
Radio-wave hazards, Radio waves, Radiofrequencies, Electromagnetic radiation, Radiation protection, Fire safety, Fire risks, Flammable atmospheres, Flammable materials, Explosive atmospheres, Ignition, Electric sparks, Transmitters, Radio transmitters, Radar transmitters, Antennas, Television transmitters, Communication equipment
This report compliments a concurrent analysis of the electromagnetic field threat to the fuel system of a transport aircraft. The accompanying effort assessed currents, voltages and power levels that may be induced upon fuel tank wiring from radio transmitters (inside and outside the aircraft). In addition to this, it was also essential to determine how much voltage, current, or power is required to create a fuel-vapor ignition hazard. The widely accepted minimum guideline for aircraft fuel-vapor ignition is the application of a 0.2 milliljoule energy level. However, when considering radio frequency (RF) sources, this guideline is seriously inadequate. This report endeavors to bridge the gap between a traditional understanding of electrical breakdown, heating and combustion; and supplement the knowledge with available information regarding aircraft fuel-vapor ignition by RF sources.
Industrial Hazard and Safety Handbook (Revised Impression) describes and exposes the main hazards found in industry, with emphasis on how these hazards arise, are ignored, are identified, are eliminated, or are controlled. These hazard conditions can be due to human stresses (for example, insomnia), unsatisfactory working environments, as well as secret industrial processes. The book reviews the cost of accidents, human factors, inspections, insurance, legal aspects, planning for major emergencies, organization, and safety measures. The text discusses regulations, codes of practice, site layout, causes of building failure, condition monitoring, non-destructive testing, hazard analysis, and equipment design. The working environment of employees covers air and breathing, lighting and vision, noise and hearing, heat and comfort, fatigue and rest breaks, industrial hygiene and toxicology, or personal protective clothing and devices. The text also points out that some common industrial hazards are due to poor housekeeping (greasy floors, scattered tools), slipped disc (due to wrong handling of heavy loads), falls, falling objects, static electricity, lifting tackles, and wheeled transport inside factories. The book is intended for safety specialists, managers, and engineers responsible for design, production, inspection and maintenance in industry. The book will also be helpful for insurers or lawyers whose work is concerned with industrial accidents and their consequences.