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This little book is packed with unconventional, easy to read, non-mathematical explanations of a variety of physical phenomena ranging from the appearance and properties of electrons to the construction of matter from particles and energy fields. Entire chapters are devoted to explanations of the creation of electricity by moving electrons and the production of light by oscillating electrons. The mechanisms of reflection and refraction are described in detail. An entire section is devoted to various kinds of relative motion leading up to a full, detailed explanation of Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity and its associated problems. Another entire section presents the theoretical physics of atomic and molecular construction by the universal energy field. Have you ever wondered what "charge" is or why electrons don't repel parts of themselves or spiral into the atomic nucleus? Why must particles accelerate and oscillate to produce the volleys of tiny pulses which make up light. Why don't moving electromagnetic fields have north and south poles or positive and negative charge? How does light reflect from itself? Why does it refract when it goes through transparent media? Why are there four leads in some house wires and only three in others? Why is your car battery attached to the body of the car? If you are traveling down the highway at 60mph, is the highway moving in the opposite direction at 60mph? Do objects contract in the direction of their motion and does time "slow down" at very fast speeds? Why do atoms attract to form molecules when they only present the negative fields of their electrons to each other? These and many other questions are answered, often in unconventional ways while other questions are raised which can't be answered at all. Anyone who needs a science or research project idea or even an idea for a doctorate thesis can surely find many possibilities in this little book. It's chock full of them. Happy reading!
If you are looking for a top-rated science textbook, this is not the book for you. If you are looking for a reiteration of the historical progression of the physical sciences by a well-educated, experienced scientist, this book's not for you. However, if you are interested in considering logical thinking that is outside the scientific box and that challenges conventional science concepts, this may be the book for you.The entire first section presents a logical, convincing argument that concludes that the problem Einstein solved with his special theory of relativity never existed in the first place. There is nothing wrong with his reasoning or mathematical equations that address the problem he believed existed. There just was not a real problem to begin with. The whole section is an excellent tutorial on Einstein and relativity for anyone who is interested in understanding relativity, whether the reader agrees or disagrees with the conclusions.The second section is a tutorial on electrons and their role in the production of light, the reflection and refraction of light, and the role of electrons in the production of electricity, electronic device function, and heat. All tutorials are written in laymen's easy-to-read language.The third section examines many outside-the-box hypotheses in the realm of theoretical physics. This book is packed with easy-to-read nonmathematical explanations of physical phenomena, ranging from the appearance and properties of electrons to the construction of matter from particles and energy fields. Have you ever wondered what charge is or why electrons do not fly apart from internal repulsive forces or spiral into the nucleus of atoms? Is light a continuous wave or pulses of electromagnetic field? Why do moving electromagnetic fields not have positive and negative charge or north and south poles? How does light reflect off itself? Why is your car battery attached to the body of the car? How do atoms attract to form molecules when their electrons repel one another? These and other questions are answered, often in unconventional ways, but others may not be answered at all. If you need a science research project or a dissertation idea, this book is for you. If you do not need it for a project but you just have an interest in better understanding science, this book is for you. If you have an open mind enough to at least consider alternate ways of thinking about scientific concepts and principles, this book is definitely for you.
Einstein's Jury is the dramatic story of how astronomers in Germany, England, and America competed to test Einstein's developing theory of relativity. Weaving a rich narrative based on extensive archival research, Jeffrey Crelinsten shows how these early scientific debates shaped cultural attitudes we hold today. The book examines Einstein's theory of general relativity through the eyes of astronomers, many of whom were not convinced of the legitimacy of Einstein's startling breakthrough. These were individuals with international reputations to uphold and benefactors and shareholders to please, yet few of them understood the new theory coming from the pen of Germany's up-and-coming theoretical physicist, Albert Einstein. Some tried to test his theory early in its development but got no results. Others--through toil and hardship, great expense, and perseverance--concluded that it was wrong. A tale of international competition and intrigue, Einstein's Jury brims with detail gleaned from Crelinsten's far-reaching inquiry into the history and development of relativity. Crelinsten concludes that the well-known British eclipse expedition of 1919 that made Einstein famous had less to do with the scientific acceptance of his theory than with his burgeoning public fame. It was not until the 1920s, when the center of gravity of astronomy and physics shifted from Europe to America, that the work of prestigious American observatories legitimized Einstein's work. As Crelinsten so expertly shows, the glow that now surrounds the famous scientist had its beginnings in these early debates among professional scientists working in the glare of the public spotlight.
Theoretical physics has become a modern version of the Emperor's New Clothes where ridiculous and absurd theories are proposed and accepted because doubting them would indicate some mental impairment or lack of knowledge. Physicists have abandoned reason and reality and turned physics into a make believe science where illusions are created to support their delusions. In a science that is supposed to be based on observation and experimentation the acceptance of a conclusion that experiments know if they are being watched and change the results when observed invalidates all experiments and observations. This degeneration of physics from a science to fantasy is a result of Einstein's theories. His general and special relativity theories are based on the assertion that the speed of light is constant in a vacuum and cannot be exceeded which he proposed in his theory of the photon and for which he won a Nobel prize. The photon was preposed as a solution to the problem of the photoelectric effect and define the nature of light. Light was known to be an electromagnetic wave but when certain light waves strikes certain metals or crystals it produces an immediate electric current. A wave is an energy disturbance within a medium and it was believed that for a wave to dislodge an electron from an atom it must transfer a quanta of energy to the electron and this would not happen immediately. The photon proposed that light had bundles of waves, or photons, that acted as a particle so light had both a particle and wave nature. The speed of a wave is determined by the forces in the medium in which it travels and cannot be constant while a particle's energy is transmitted as kinetic energy and can be constant. If light is a wave with no particle attributes then it speed cannot be constant and Einstein's assertion that the speed of light is constant and his relativity theories based on this assertion are wrong. This book proposes that there is an explanation for the photoelectric effect that is consistent with wave theory that explains the photoelectric effect without creating the photon. This explanation means that the absurdities created by Einstein's theories like black holes, time dimension, the myriad of subatomic particles invented to support his theories, and the varying of the characteristics of matter with speed are wrong and do not exists. It also maintains that Newton' law of gravity was wrong and that by correcting these errors physics can once again be a science base on reason and reality instead of a make believe world populated with invisible matter and energy and ruled by magic spells.
An elegant, witty, and engaging exploration of the riddle of time, which examines the consequences of Einstein's theory of relativity and offers startling suggestions about what recent research may reveal. The eternal questions of science and religion were profoundly recast by Einstein's theory of relativity and its implications that time can be warped by motion and gravitation, and that it cannot be meaningfully divided into past, present, and future. In About Time, Paul Davies discusses the big bang theory, chaos theory, and the recent discovery that the universe appears to be younger than some of the objects in it, concluding that Einstein's theory provides only an incomplete understanding of the nature of time. Davies explores unanswered questions such as: * Does the universe have a beginning and an end? * Is the passage of time merely an illusion? * Is it possible to travel backward -- or forward -- in time? About Time weaves physics and metaphysics in a provocative contemplation of time and the universe.
Much of this book was written a long time ago when the author first became aware of the concepts of Special and General Relativity. At the time he assumed that the subject was well thought out and understood by people more knowledgeable and probably more intelligent than himself. His goal was to learn from them and to understand the phenomena that was being described. He could not, however, accept the prevalent idea that the workings of Nature were beyond the ability of mere mortals to understand at the 'common sense' level. As he studied the subject, he learned that this dictum was an intellectual 'con game' by men who were acting in the manner of a priesthood defending the 'true faith' rather than scientists and who, when challenged on points which a bright physics or engineering student would easily understand, showed a rather limited ability to reason and covered their limitations by asserting that it was the challenger's limitations which prevented understanding. The dictum is not true, the mechanisms by which Nature operates are, for the most part, easily understood by reasonably bright (and interested) high school students, and the necessary mathematics and arguments to evaluate their validity of the are within knowledge of sophomore students of engineering and/or physics.(A knowledge of Integral Calculus, Elementary Physics, and Dimensional Analysis is all that is required for reader to check the material presented for himself.) It is the purpose of this book to make these mechanisms understandable to the general reader. This book contains three sections. The main section, 'The Einstein Hoax', starts with a description of the early history of Special and General Relativity and proceeds to show that the earlier published Lorentz Transformation-Aether Theory is, except for philosophical interpretation, identical to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and, in fact is a special case solution of that theory. As such, the Aether Theory must be a valid option if Special Relativity is to be considered valid. The Aether Theory, however, is easily understood in terms of 'common sense' while an examination of the conclusions of Special Relativity yield logical absurdities which no rational mind should be willing to accept. But, fair is fair, the proof of a theory or its interpretation is, and should be, in the experimental evidence. Fortunately, experiments in the field of Quantum Physics have demonstrated that photons emitted as pairs are coupled by their 'quantum numbers' (in this case their direction of polarization) and changing the plane of polarization of one of the photons changes the plane of polarization of the other. The interesting conclusion of these experiments is that the velocity of that coupling is at least four times the velocity of light and may even be infinite. A minor modification of the experimental setup would allow the effect to be used to determine the absolute velocity of the laboratory through space to an accuracy of better than 400 miles per second. Since the interpretation associated with Special Relativity cannot tolerate the idea of an absolute velocity, we must revert to the Lorentz Transformation-Aether Theory because Dr. Einstein's interpretation of Space-Time falls on its face. General Relativity is based upon the Principles of Relativity and of Equivalence, but a glance at its conclusions (the gravitational equivalents of the Lorentz Transformations for Velocity effects), shows that it erroneously yields results inconsistent with those principles. It yields a gravitational transformation for time which is not multiplicatively commutative (the property which allows Special Relativity to work) and yields a transformation for length of unity (the equivalent Lorentz Transformation for Length is the reciprocal of the Lorentz Transforma
Albert Einstein is often viewed as the icon of genius, and his theories are admired for their beauty and correctness. Yet the final judge of any theory is the rigorous test of experiment, not the fame of its inventor or the allure of its mathematics. For decades, general relativity has passed test after test with flying colors, including some remarkable new tests using the recently detected gravitational waves. Still, there are reasons for doubt. Einstein's theory of gravity, as beautiful as it is, seems to be in direct contradiction with another theory he helped create: quantum mechanics. Until recently, this was considered to be a purely academic affair. But as more and more data pour in from the most distant corners of the universe, hinting at bizarre stuff called "dark energy" and "dark matter," some scientists have begun to explore the possibility that Einstein's theory may not provide a complete picture of the cosmos. This book chronicles the latest adventures of scientists as they put Einstein's theory to the test in ever more precise and astonishing ways, and in ever more extreme situations, when gravity is unfathomably intense and rapidly churning. From the explosions of neutron stars and the collisions of black holes to the modern scientific process as a means to seek truth and understanding in the cosmos, this book takes the reader on a journey of learning and discovery that has been 100 years in the making.
Science at the Crossroads was published by Herbert Dingle in 1972 at the end of a gruelling controversy with the English scientific world about the clock paradox in Einstein’s special relativity. It is still a seminal text, which allows us to understand and evaluate, with Cartesian clarity, the problem of that paradox for all those readers who find themselves in a widespread condition of having studied Einstein’s special relativity or received a teaching of it, and yet of not feeling comfortable it because the attempt to understand the logical connection of the parts with the whole did not succeed. Many have experienced this state of mind, and can admit it. In this way Science at the Crossroads is an important source of knowledge about Einstein’s special relativity and its historical background. Science at the Crossroads contains a great wealth of philosophical and epistemological ideas. The essay has a classic imprint, rich with sharp and clear distinctions, and very elegant in style. We meet countless research possibilities concerning the mathematical idealism of anti-classical physics after 1920 (assuming it is still correct to call it physics rather than metaphysics, as Dingle would suggest, as a partisan of modern science empirical method). Every page written by Dingle suggests research that could be carried out in depth, starting from what Dingle observes on the origins of mathematical idealism in Maxwell himself and his displacement current postulated to ensure the continuity of a given mathematical function, to end with the extreme tendencies of this kind of thought that were manifested towards the 1970s, as for example in the case of Professor Hoyle mentioned in the last chapter, who “has plainly stated his advocacy of the process of telling nature what to do instead of looking to see what she does”. Naturally, it is our task to continue Dingle’s research up to the present. The present electronic edition provides a Foreword from the editor, which informs about the basic knowledge readers are expected to have in order to fully understand Science at the Crossroads.
Looks at how scientists have tested Einstein's theory during the past seventy years, and demonstrates how this theory is crucial to understanding such features of the universe as pulsars, quasars, and black holes.
This is a fascinating account of two great scientists of the 20th century: Einstein and Heisenberg, discoverers, respectively, of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. It connects the history of modern physics to the life stories of these two extraordinary physicists.These discoveries laid the foundation of modern physics, without which our digitized world of computers, satellites, and innovative materials would not be possible. This book also describes in comprehensible terms the complicated science underlying the two discoveries.The twin biography highlights the parallels and differences of these two luminaries, showing how their work shaped the 20th century into the century of physics.