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The 1986 pre-election year in the Federal Republic of Germany was an interesting one. Starting with the communal elections in Schleswig-Holstein in March, the parties began to prepare themselves for the big upcoming event - the general election in January 1987. The governing Christian Democrats (CDU) suffered a severe vote loss in this March election as part of their most loyal supporters - the farmers - decided to abstain due to a general dissatisfaction with EEC regulations and agricultural government policies. In order to avoid further farmers' boycotts for the next 'Lander'-elections in Lower Saxony in June, Bavaria in October and Hamburg in November, the federal government sprang into action. A 500 million DM programme was passed in the beginning of June, which reduced the farmers' contributions to the agrarian social security system with retrospective effect to January 1986. As a result of the reactor accident in Tschernobyl another 500 million DM were promised to cover the losses of agricultural products because of radio activity. In order to appease the farmers even more, a special election gift of 100 million DM to subsidize fallow land was given to Lower Saxony's farmers one week before the election took place. At the same time the parliament increased veterans' benefits by 2,15% from July onwards, further increases being promised by January 1987. The predominant social policy issue, however, concerned old age pensions, more precisely, the question of adopting a so-called 'baby year' in pension law. The coalition government in Bonn decided to give all women born before 1921 a monthly payment of 25 DM for each child. The programme will start in October 1987 and will gradually include all female pensioners with children by 1990. Described by Chancellor Kohl as a new dimension in social policy, the programme will cost 3,3 billion DM per year by 1990.
This volume investigates nuclear energy policies in Western Europe over the entire post-war period, but with special attention to the two most recent decades. The comparative analytical perspective draws on the interplay between voters' attitudes, challenging movements, party competition, and coalition formation. Spanning more than 60 years and 16 countries, the researchers examine the underlying causal processes leading to the observed varieties of Western European nuclear energy policies. Based on a mixed methods approach using both structured case studies as well as quantitative analyses, the study shows that the nature of party competition under given institutional contexts is a key-driver for, as a rule, tactically motivated governmental policy changes and stability, respectively. Part I introduces the practical and theoretical relevance of the topic. It outlines the reasoning of the major scientific contributions with regard to nuclear energy policies, and offers a theoretical alternative to the previous literatures that has been predominantly movements-oriented. Additionally, it provides core economic and political indicators of the changing role of nuclear energy in the countries. Part II consists of seven in-depth case studies where the outlined theoretical perspective is applied. Part III consists of a general summary, short narratives of the countries not covered in case studies, qualitative comparison and an assessment of the factors for policy change from multivariate analysis.
The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication is the definitive single-source reference work on the subject, with state-of-the-art and in-depth scholarly reflection on the key issues within political communication from leading international experts. It is available both online and in print. Explores pertinent/salient topics within political science, sociology, psychology, communication and many other disciplines Theory, empirical research and academic as well as professional debate are widely covered in this truly international and comparative work Provides clear definitions and explanations which are both cross-national and cross-disciplinary by nature Offers an unprecedented level of authority, accuracy and balance, with contributions from leading international experts in their associated fields Part of The Wiley Blackwell-ICA International Encyclopedias of Communication series, published in conjunction with the International Communication Association. Online version available at Wiley Online Library www.wileyicaencyclopedia.com Named Outstanding Academic Title of 2016 by Choice Magazine, a publication of the American Library Association.
Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing.