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Excerpt from The Formation of the State of Oklahoma (1803-1906) The passage of an enabling act for Oklahoma in June, 1906, brought to a close the formation of new states from the Louisiana Purchase. The area included within the limits of Oklahoma was kept free from the jurisdiction of a state government longer than any other part of the acquisition. This was the outcome of a series of events that are of peculiar interest through their intimate connection with the national Indian policy. The promise in the treaty of purchase to admit the inhabitants of Louisiana "to all the rights, advantages, and immunities of American citizens" was fulfilled by the organization of the settled districts near the Mississippi River, but room was left farther west for a vast Indian country, and from this Indian country Oklahoma was the last state formed. The law of May 28, 1830, in connection with a series of treaties, set apart for the Indians the country lying west of Missouri and Arkansas, and provided for the removal thither of numerous tribes, not only from the reservations east of the Mississippi, but also from the states and organized territories west of that river. Between 1840 and 1850 the map showed an "Indian Territory" stretching from the Red River to the Platte, while the Sioux and other tribes retained, almost unnoticed, the country farther north. In a few years, however, conditions led to the organization of the northern portions of this great tract under the names of Nebraska and Kansas, and at the beginning of the Civil War the thirty-seventh parallel was the northern boundary of the area designated as the Indian Territory. From this area, in time, the state of Oklahoma was formed and admitted into the Union. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Choctaws in Oklahoma begins with the Choctaws' removal from Mississippi to Indian Territory in the 1830s and then traces the history of the tribe's subsequent efforts to retain and expand its rights and to reassert tribal sovereignty in the late twentieth century. This book illustrates the Choctaws' remarkable success in asserting their sovereignty and establishing a national identity in the face of seemingly insurmountable legal obstacles.
Traces the history and development of Oklahoma and discusses the state and its people today.
Describes the people and events that have shaped the state's history
Essays consider water rights, wartime participation, religious heritage, open reservations, economic issues, tribal leadership, and the Indian rights movement
This book recounts the reservation period of the Cheyennes and the Arapahoes in western Oklahoma and the following fifteen years. It is an investigation-and an indictment-of the assimilation and reservation policies thrust upon them in the latter half of the nineteenth century, policies that succeeded only in doing enormous damage to sturdy, vital people. Confined to a reservation in the Indian Territory in 1875, the Southern Cheyennes and their neighbors, the Arapahoes, traditionally hunting and mobile societies, were forced into the federal government's image of "educated, Christian farmer-citizens." Lacking the support of adequate appropriations or protective legislation, the Cheyennes' lives were dominated by hunger, disease, and despair. Continuing niggardliness on the part of Congress in providing adequate agricultural equipment and instruction and an environment hostile to cultivation made agricultural self-sufficiency all but impossible. The continued reduction of their land base through allotments under the 1887 Dawes Act and later leasing and sale of land to whites further eroded the Indians' meager sources of income and security. An educational policy that left Cheyenne children without hope of jobs, the banning of traditional religious ceremonies, the prejudice of white citizens and institutions, and the undermining of the roles of head men and medicine men led to further despair. But, as the author demonstrates, despite these crushing burdens and in the face of the slow and inevitable changes in the society, the Southern Cheyennes retained their identity, a testimony to their courage and character. This well-documented, compassionate account of the ordeal of the two tribes serves as a classic example of what happened to America's Indians at the hands of the whites.