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The European Union of presently 27 member states has a large variety within its own boundaries. Still there are common policies for agriculture, food and rural areas, although with many differences in relation to specific conditions in member states. Due to policy reforms, starting with the Mac Sharry reform in 1992, the European Union is on a long-term path to a freer and open market with a lot of attention for food quality and the development of rural areas. For agriculture the `traditional¿ market and price policy is largely replaced by decoupled direct income support. Policies in relation to food quality, food safety and animal welfare as well as environment, landscape and rural development receive increased attention at EU and member state level. The European Union is becoming a leader in food standards and rural policy. Many well-known specialists contributed their up-to-date knowledge to this book. It has been developed in close collaboration with government officials and scientists, also in relation to courses organised by Wageningen Business School. The book can be used for scientific and professional education (bachelor level), but could function easily as background text in master courses. Business executives, government officials and participants of non-governmental organisations will find this book to be of interest.
Ulrich Koester researches and teaches at the Institute for Agricultural Economics at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany. He has been a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry for over 20 years. Moreover, he gained experience working with the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington D.C. and with numerous international organizations, including the World Bank, FAO, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Auditors. His teaching experience is based on courses taught at more than ten universities in general economics and agricultural economics. Part I of the book lays the theoretical foundations for understanding price formation in product and factor markets. In addition to neoclassical theory, institutional economics is of particular importance. Part II presents and evaluates agricultural policy with special reference to the EU, whereby the evaluation framework goes beyond the usual welfare theory analysis. The book is also a valuable aid for students of economic policy, especially because of its detailed evaluation of individual agricultural market policy instruments. The book is aimed at students at universities, technical colleges as well as politicians interested in rational agricultural policy making.
Using a political-economic approach supplemented with insights from human ecology, this volume analyzes the long-term dynamics of food security and economic growth. The book begins by discussing the nature of preindustrial food crises and the changes that have occurred since the 19th century with the ascent of technical science and the fossil fuel revolution. It explains how these changes improved living standards but that the realization of this improvement was usually dependent on government support for smallholder modernization. The author sets out how the evolution of food security in different regions has been influenced by farm policy choices and how these choices were shaped by local societal characteristics, international relations and changing configurations in metropolitan countries. Separate chapters are devoted to the interaction of this evolution with debates on food security and economic growth and with international economic policies. The final chapters highlight the new challenges for global food security that will arise as traditional sources of biomass production and the more easily extractable reserves of fossil biomass become depleted or can no longer be used. Overall, the book emphasizes the inadequacy of current explanations with regard to these challenges. It explores what is needed to ensure a sustainable future and calls for a rethinking of these issues; a necessary reflection in today's unstable global political situation.