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Excerpt from The Language Readers Primer The child comes to school at the age of six or seven with a speaking vocabulary of several hundred words, say from five hundred to seven hundred words. This number will vary according to his environment and home influences. In teaching reading to these first year pupils, the aim should be to teach the child to recognize the symbols for the ideas which he already possesses. In other words, the aim is not to enlarge the child's speaking vocabulary but rather to convert it into a reading vocabulary. The child must learn to associate form and sound; the printed symbol must suggest an idea. Furthermore the child must learn to translate these symbols into oral language expressively rendered. If the class be one composed largely of children who speak little or no English, the problem is more complex. The teacher must build up an English vocabulary for the most commonplace actions and ideas, and, at the same time, must associate the spoken words which the pupils are learning day by day with the printed or written symbols. That is, the teacher must teach English speech as well as reading. In this Primer no particular method has been fol lowed absolutely. The aim has been to use the best features of the word, the look and say, the sen tence, the phonic, and the Gouin methods. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives in common use form the basis of the child's reading vocabulary. These should be taught as sight words. As an introduction to the work in reading, such commands as stand, face, etc., which are at first given orally by the teacher, may be written on the board and the children directed to obey them. The first sentences in this Primer direct the performance of certain actions, one purpose being to secure silent reading before oral reading is attempted. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Understanding Reading revolutionized reading research and theory when the first edition appeared in 1971 and continues to be a leader in the field. In the sixth edition of this classic text, Smith's purpose remains the same: to shed light on fundamental aspects of the complex human act of reading--linguistic, physiological, psychological, and social--and on what is involved in learning to read. The text critically examines current theories, instructional practices, and controversies, covering a wide range of disciplines but always remaining accessible to students and classroom teachers. Careful attention is given to the ideological clash that continues between whole language and direct instruction and currently permeates every aspect of theory and research into reading and reading instruction. To aid readers in making up their own minds, each chapter concludes with a brief statement of "Issues." Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and Learning to Read, Sixth Edition is designed to serve as a handbook for language arts teachers, a college text for basic courses on the psychology of reading, a guide to relevant research on reading, and an introduction to reading as an aspect of thinking and learning. It is matchless in integrating a wide range of topics relative to reading while, at the same time, being highly readable and user-friendly for instructors, students, and practitioners.
Since the early 1990s hundreds of thousands of Tamil villagers in southern India have participated in literacy lessons, science demonstrations, and other events designed to transform them into active citizens with access to state power. These efforts to spread enlightenment among the oppressed are part of a movement known as the Arivoli Iyakkam (the Enlightenment Movement), considered to be among the most successful mass literacy movements in recent history. In The Light of Knowledge, Francis Cody’s ethnography of the Arivoli Iyakkam highlights the paradoxes inherent in such movements that seek to emancipate people through literacy when literacy is a power-laden social practice in its own right. The Light of Knowledge is set primarily in the rural district of Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu, and it is about activism among laboring women from marginalized castes who have been particularly active as learners and volunteers in the movement. In their endeavors to remake the Tamil countryside through literacy activism, workers in the movement found that their own understanding of the politics of writing and Enlightenment was often transformed as they encountered vastly different notions of language and imaginations of social order. Indeed, while activists of the movement successfully mobilized large numbers of rural women, they did so through logics that often pushed against the very Enlightenment rationality they hoped to foster. Offering a rare behind-the-scenes look at an increasingly important area of social and political activism, The Light of Knowledge brings tools of linguistic anthropology to engage with critical social theories of the postcolonial state.
Intended to show teachers how their approaches to the teaching of writing reflect a particular area of research and to show researchers how the intuitions of teachers reflect research findings, the articles in this book are classified according to three approaches to writing: processing, distancing, and modeling. After an introductory essay that defines and explains the three approaches, the second part of the book contains eight articles that stress processing. These articles cover the psychology of thinking, mapping and composing, children's art, drawing as prewriting, prewriting as discovery, turning speech into writing, and the process approach and the elementary school writing curriculum. Part three, dealing with distancing, contains two articles defining "talk-write" as a behavioral pedagogy for composition and explaining its application in the classroom; and five articles on function categories, the composition course as the pursuit of ideas, a new curriiculum in English, student writing response groups in the classroom, and the All-City High Project of the Oakland, California, school district. The articles on modeling in part four explain a generative rhetoric of the sentence, sentence modeling, "voices" in reading and writing, paraphrases of professionals in writing classes, the importance of reason in writing, and the superiority of showing over telling. The relationship between the teacher and the researcher is examined in the book's final essay. A bibliography is included. (JL)
Sharon Vaughn listed as first author on earlier eds.