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The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.
"David Blau has chosen seven economists to write chapters that review the emerging economic literature on the supply of child care, parental demand for care, child care cost and quality, and to discuss the implications of these analyses for public policy. The book succeeds in presenting that research in understandable terms to policy makers and serves economists as a useful review of the child care literature....provides an excellent case study of the value of economic analysis of public policy issues." —Arleen Leibowitz, Journal of Economic Literature "There is no doubt this is a timely book....The authors of this volume have succeeded in presenting the economic material in a nontechnical manner that makes this book an excellent introduction to the role of economics in public policy analysis, and specifically child care policy....the most comprehensive introduction currently available." —Cori Rattelman, Industrial and Labor Relations Review
Investments in the education and health of children are critical to the nation's future. The fed. gov¿t. has traditionally provided aid to disadvantaged children and families. However, fed. spending on current health care and retirement program -- Medicaid, Medicare, and Social Security -- will absorb an increasing share of the fed. budget and economic output. There will be little room left in the fed. budget to address other priorities, including programs designed to assist and ensure opportunities for disadvantaged children and families. This forum, convened on June 25, 2008, identifies key areas of concern related to disadvantaged children and their families and discusses ideas to address these concerns within this fiscal environment. Illus.
Federal spending dedicated to children represents just 7.83 percent of the federal budget in fiscal year 2016, and total spending on children's programs has decreased by five percent in the last two years, according to "Children's Budget 2016." The federal government makes more than 200 distinct investments in children. These include traditional children's initiatives like education and child abuse and neglect prevention. They also include other investments that improve the lives of kids, like Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Following a message from Bruce Lesley, the President of First Focus, "Children's Budget 2016" offers a detailed guide to federal spending on children and an invaluable resource for those seeking to improve the lives of America's youth. The majority of budget numbers in this book for fiscal year (FY) 2016 can be found in the appropriations bills considered by Congress, including the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2016. For the purpose of this book, children are defined as persons age 18 and under. To determine the amount of money spent on children, this book draws on the work of the Urban Institute in their First Focus-commissioned report, "Kids' Share 2015: Report on Federal Expenditures on Children Through 2014." Some programs included in this book are not included in "Kids' Share." These programs include the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Poison Control, and the Corporation for National and Community Service, among others. For each program listed in this book, "Children's Budget 2016" reports the nominal funding level and the nominal percent change from the previous year, as well as the real percent change. This book primarily focuses on the budget authority and outlays of each program through the yearly budget process. However, starting in FY 2009, some of these programs received additional resources to spend through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), a package of tax cuts and investments intended to help stimulate economic growth and stem losses from a deepening recession. Mindful of the enormous impact that ARRA had on the overall federal investment in children and on individual programs, this book incorporates the effects of ARRA where relevant. A brief separate analysis of resources from ARRA is included within the basic overview of spending that precedes certain policy areas where it is relevant. Individual programs that received investments from ARRA are marked with the Recovery.gov logo. In addition, this book relies on the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) "Budget and Economic Outlook Fiscal Years 2013-2023" and the work of Julia Isaacs, et al. in "Kids' Share 2015: Report on Federal Expenditures on Children Through 2014" for projections as to the timing of the flow of ARRA money. For those children's programs that are not broken out separately, analyses in this book assume that money in those programs will be spent along the same time frame as the larger categories into which they fall. It is important to reiterate that the levels contained in the program tables do not include ARRA funding, and therefore neither do the resulting percentage change values. This book provides details regarding the following programs: Child Welfare; Early Childhood; Education; Education: Military; Health; Housing; Income Support; Nutrition; Safety; and Training. Contains the following indices: (1) Alphabetical Index of Programs; and (2) Index of Programs by Department and Bureau. [For "Children's Budget 2015," see ED569992.].
Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.
Abstract: Recent trends (since 1970) in the economic status and well-being of American children and their families are discussed for economists and policy makers in a National Academy of Science report of a proceedings of a conference on families and the economy. Major topics include: youth employment; public spending on children and their families; effects of unreported income on US families; economic conditions and family life; and a 55-year assessment (1940-95) of the effects of demographic factors on family life of children. A special session on some of the implications for policy and research is reported. Much of the data is illustrated in tabular or chart form. A summary of discussion from conference participants accompanies each paper. (wz).
The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration finds that the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small, and that any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. First-generation immigrants are more costly to governments than are the native-born, but the second generation are among the strongest fiscal and economic contributors in the U.S. This report concludes that immigration has an overall positive impact on long-run economic growth in the U.S. More than 40 million people living in the United States were born in other countries, and almost an equal number have at least one foreign-born parent. Together, the first generation (foreign-born) and second generation (children of the foreign-born) comprise almost one in four Americans. It comes as little surprise, then, that many U.S. residents view immigration as a major policy issue facing the nation. Not only does immigration affect the environment in which everyone lives, learns, and works, but it also interacts with nearly every policy area of concern, from jobs and the economy, education, and health care, to federal, state, and local government budgets. The changing patterns of immigration and the evolving consequences for American society, institutions, and the economy continue to fuel public policy debate that plays out at the national, state, and local levels. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal outcomes for the United States, a major destination of world population movements. This report will be a fundamental resource for policy makers and law makers at the federal, state, and local levels but extends to the general public, nongovernmental organizations, the business community, educational institutions, and the research community.