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The increased use of very shock insensitive high explosives has produced a need for larger test systems than are normally used for determining gap sensitivities. Relatively little work has been done using acceptor diameters that are larger than 40 or 50 mm. The acceptor diameters in the usual tests are not large enough to give reliable results for the explosives that have large detonation-failure diameters. It follows, then, that the acceptor diameter of the gap test should be substantially larger than the equivalent failure diameter of the acceptor material. If it is otherwise, the gap-test results could be misleading. The objective of this work is to study a new gap test, designed for relatively shock insensitive explosives, by relating its test results to those of a current standardized test. In particular, we wish to establish the relationship between card gap sensitivities in two sizes, the standard NOL (NSWC) Large Scale Gap Test (LSGT) and the new test, the Expanded Large Scale Gap Test (ELSGT).
This book summarizes science and technology of a new generation of high-energy andinsensitive explosives. The objective is to provide professionals with comprehensiveinformation on the synthesis and the physicochemical and detonation properties ofthe explosives. Potential technologies applicable for treatment of contaminated wastestreams from manufacturing facilities and environmental matrices are also be included.This book provides the reader an insight into the depth and breadth of theoreticaland empirical models and experimental techniques currently being developed in thefield of energetic materials. It presents the latest research by DoD engineers andscientists, and some of DoD’s academic and industrial researcher partners. The topicsexplored and the simulations developed or modified for the purposes of energetics mayfind application in other closely related fields, such as the pharmaceutical industry.One of the key features of the book is the treatment of wastewaters generated duringmanufacturing of these energetic materials.
The NSWC ELSGT is to be used as the standard test for the UN and the NATO to determine the shock sensitivity of candidate extremely insensitive detonating substances. This report presents the first complete experimental calibration of the ELSGT and the techniques used to obtain the calibration data. In particular, an improved method of differentiating photographic streak camera (x, t) data is described. Streak camera data must be numerically differentiated to obtain wave velocities as functions of time or distance. For time-varying or structured data, techniques such as spline or polynomial fitting are frequently employed. These techniques are usually adjusted by the researcher until the results are acceptable. Consequently, the results can be biased by the method. A new, unbiased, efficient, and accurate method based on the Kaiser and Reed algorithm is described. This method will be demonstrated by its application to the first experimental calibration of the ELSGT. Large Scale Gap Test, Kaiser and Reed Algorithm, Shock Sensitivity, Detonation.
This book introduces the core concepts of the shock wave physics of condensed matter, taking a continuum mechanics approach to examine liquids and isotropic solids. The text primarily focuses on one-dimensional uniaxial compression in order to show the key features of condensed matter’s response to shock wave loading. The first four chapters are specifically designed to quickly familiarize physical scientists and engineers with how shock waves interact with other shock waves or material boundaries, as well as to allow readers to better understand shock wave literature, use basic data analysis techniques, and design simple 1-D shock wave experiments. This is achieved by first presenting the steady one-dimensional strain conservation laws using shock wave impedance matching, which insures conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Here, the initial emphasis is on the meaning of shock wave and mass velocities in a laboratory coordinate system. An overview of basic experimental techniques for measuring pressure, shock velocity, mass velocity, compression and internal energy of steady 1-D shock waves is then presented. In the second part of the book, more advanced topics are progressively introduced: thermodynamic surfaces are used to describe equilibrium flow behavior, first-order Maxwell solid models are used to describe time-dependent flow behavior, descriptions of detonation shock waves in ideal and non-ideal explosives are provided, and lastly, a select group of current issues in shock wave physics are discussed in the final chapter.
Molecular Modeling of the Sensitivities of Energetic Materials, Volume 22 introduces experimental aspects, explores the relationships between sensitivity, molecular structure and crystal structure, discusses insights from numerical simulations, and highlights applications of these approaches to the design of new materials. Providing practical guidelines for implementing predictive models and their application to the search for new compounds, this book is an authoritative guide to an exciting field of research that warrants a computer-aided approach for the investigation and design of safe and powerful explosives or propellants. Much recent effort has been put into modeling sensitivities, with most work focusing on impact sensitivity and leading to a lot of experimental data in this area. Models must therefore be developed to allow evaluation of significant properties from the structure of constitutive molecules. Highlights a range of approaches for computational simulation and the importance of combining them to accurately understand or estimate different parameters Provides an overview of experimental findings and knowledge in a quick and accessible format Presents guidelines to implement sensitivity models using open-source python-related software, thus supporting easy implementation of flexible models and allowing fast assessment of hypotheses
This book contains papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop titled "Application of Gun and Rocket Propellants in Commercial Explosives". (SST.ARW975981) The workshop was organized in collaboration with codirector Dr. Bronislav V. Matseevich (KNIIM) and held in Krasnoarmeisk, Moscow Region, Russia, October 18-21, 1999. About 70 participants from 11 different countries took part in the meeting (Russia, Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Belgium, China, USA, Spain, Israel, Ukraine and the Netherlands). The workshop was principally the continuation of a previous NATO workshop on Conversion Concepts for Commercial Application and Disposal Technologies of Energetic Systems" held at Moscow, Russia, May 17-19, 1994 in the specific area of the reuse of gun and rocket propellants as ingredients in commercial explosives. Oldrich Machacek Vll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. B.V. Matseevich, Director of the Krasnoarmeisk Scientific Research Institute of Mechanization ("KNIIM") for his extensive involvement as co-director in organizing the Advanced Research Workshop in Krasnoarmeisk, Russia. Special thanks goes to Dr. V.P. Glinskij, Dr. LV. Vasiljeva and A.I. Fedonina from KNIIM and Dr. B. Vetlicky for invaluable assistance in preparation and the smooth operation ofthe workshop.
The NSWC ELSGT is to be used as the standard test for the UN and the NATO to determine the shock sensitivity of candidate extremely insensitive detonating substances. This report presents the first complete experimental calibration of the ELSGT and the techniques used to obtain the calibration data. In particular, an improved method of differentiating photographic streak camera (x, t) data is described. Streak camera data must be numerically differentiated to obtain wave velocities as functions of time or distance. For time-varying or structured data, techniques such as spline or polynomial fitting are frequently employed. These techniques are usually adjusted by the researcher until the results are acceptable. Consequently, the results can be biased by the method. A new, unbiased, efficient, and accurate method based on the Kaiser and Reed algorithm is described. This method will be demonstrated by its application to the first experimental calibration of the ELSGT. Large Scale Gap Test, Kaiser and Reed Algorithm, Shock Sensitivity, Detonation.
This book constitutes the Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Baltimore, Maryland USA, 2005. The volume embodies the most recent research on shock compression of condensed matter and includes 363 plenary, invited, and contributed papers, all peer-reviewed. Topics include: equations of state, phase transitions, chemical reactions, warm dense matter, fracture, geophysics and planetary science, energetic materials, optical studies, and more.