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Systematics has developed rapidly during the past two decades. A multitude of new methods and contributions from a diversity of biological fields including molecular genetics and developmental biology have provided a wealth of phylogenetic hypotheses, some confirming traditional views others contradicting them. Despite such inconsistencies, it is now possible to recognize robust regions of a 'tree of life' and also to identify problematic areas which have yet to be resolved. This is the first book to apply the current state of phylogeny to an evolutionary interpretation of animal organ systems and body architecture, providing alternative theories in those cases of continuing controversy. Organs do not appear suddenly during evolution; instead they are composed of far simpler structures. In some cases it is even possible to trace particular molecules or physiological pathways as far back as pre-animal history. What emerges is a fascinating picture, showing how animals have combined ancestral and new elements in novel ways to form constantly changing responses to environmental requirements. The Evolution of Organ Systems starts with a general overview of current animal phylogeny, followed by review of general body organization including symmetry, anteroposterior axis, dorsoventral axis, germ layers, segmentation, and skeletons. Subsequent chapters then provide a detailed description of the individual organ systems themselves - integument, musculature, nervous system, sensory organs, body cavities, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, intestinal system, gonads and gametes. Generously illustrated throughout, this accessible text is suitable for both upper level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in animal evolution, organogenesis, animal anatomy, zoology and systematics. It will also be a valuable reference tool for those professional researchers in these fields requiring an authoritative, balanced and up-to-date overview of the topic.
Although there are several books on the phylogenetic relationships of animals, this is the first to focus on the consequences of such relationships for the evolution of organs themselves. It provides a summary of evolutionary hypotheses for each of the major organ systems, describing alternative theories in those cases of continuing controversy.
Analyzing animal development in a comparative framework provides a unique window into evolutionary history. With a long tradition that dates back to iconic 19th-century zoologists such as Ernst Haeckel and Charles Darwin, Evolutionary Developmental Biology is firmly rooted in morphological research. While studies using a classical model system approach have resulted in considerable methodological progress, in particular by establishing molecular genetic tools to tackle questions surrounding animal development, it quickly became obvious that a broad comparative dataset involving as many taxa as possible is necessary for sound evolutionary inferences. Thus, today’s EvoDevo embraces morphological, molecular, and experimental procedures, interpreted in a phylogenetic framework, in order to answer key questions that revolve around the evolution of animal cell types, organ systems, and, ultimately, entire species.
A landmark book of popular science that gives us a lucid and engaging account of how the human body evolved over millions of years—with charts and line drawings throughout. “Fascinating.... A readable introduction to the whole field and great on the making of our physicality.”—Nature In this book, Daniel E. Lieberman illuminates the major transformations that contributed to key adaptations to the body: the rise of bipedalism; the shift to a non-fruit-based diet; the advent of hunting and gathering; and how cultural changes like the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions have impacted us physically. He shows how the increasing disparity between the jumble of adaptations in our Stone Age bodies and advancements in the modern world is occasioning a paradox: greater longevity but increased chronic disease. And finally—provocatively—he advocates the use of evolutionary information to help nudge, push, and sometimes even compel us to create a more salubrious environment and pursue better lifestyles.
Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy.
This book concerns itself with how bones and cartilages - as tissues, organs and organ systems - are made and have evolved. The author is a world leader in studies of the development and evolution of the skeleton and skeletal tissues and in the new field of evolutionary developmental biology.
Aus dem Inhalt: Peter Janich: Where does biology get its objects from? Mathias Gutmann: The status of organism: Towards a constructivist theory of organism Walter Bock: Explanations in a historical science Christine Hertler: Organism and morphology: Methodological differences between functional and constructional morphology Dominique G. Homberger: Similarities and differences: The distinctive approaches of systematics and comparative anatomy towards homology and analogy Raphael Falk: The organism as a necessary entity of evolution Franz M. Wuketits: The organism's place in evolution: Darwin's views and contemporary organismic theories Christian Kummer: The development of organismic structure and the philosophy behind Guiseppe Sermonti: The butterfly and the lion Harald Riedl: Organism - Ecosystem - Biosphere: Some comments on the organismic concept Sievert Lorenzen: How to advance from the theory of natural selection towards the General Theory of Self-Organization Antonio Lima-de-Faria: The evolutionary periodicity of flight Hans-Rainer Duncker: The evolution of avian ontogenies: Determination of molecular evolution by integrated complex functional systems and ecological conditions Winfried Stefan Peters & Bernd Herkner: An outline of a theory of the constructional constraints governing early organismic evolution Werner E. G. Mueller e.a.: Monophyly of Metazoa: Phylogenetic analyses of genes encoding SerThr-kinases and a receptor Tyr-kinase from Porifera [sponges] Karl Edlinger: The evolution of the mollusc construction: Living organisms as energy-transforming systems Michael Gudo: A structural-functional approach to the soft bodies of rugose corals.
Introductory & Human Biology