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Provides a thorough introduction to the properties of linear, time-invariant models of dynamical systems, as required for further work in feedback control system design, power system design and analysis, communications, signal processing, robotics, and simulation. The state-space model is used throughout, since it is a fundamental conceptual tool, although the background analysis applies to other models. Modelling and stability of general nonlinear systems is introduced, with the detailed analysis concentrating on LTI systems.
Spans a broad range of linear system theory concepts, but does so in a complete and sequential style. It is suitable for a first-year graduate or advanced undergraduate course in any field of engineering. State space methods are derived from first principles while drawing on the students' previous understanding of physical and mathematical concepts. The text requires only a knowledge of basic signals and systems theory, but takes the student, in a single semester, all the way through state feedback, observers, Kalman filters, and elementary I.Q.G. control.
The book blends readability and accessibility common to undergraduate control systems texts with the mathematical rigor necessary to form a solid theoretical foundation. Appendices cover linear algebra and provide a Matlab overivew and files. The reviewers pointed out that this is an ambitious project but one that will pay off because of the lack of good up-to-date textbooks in the area.
This book is the result of our teaching over the years an undergraduate course on Linear Optimal Systems to applied mathematicians and a first-year graduate course on Linear Systems to engineers. The contents of the book bear the strong influence of the great advances in the field and of its enormous literature. However, we made no attempt to have a complete coverage. Our motivation was to write a book on linear systems that covers finite dimensional linear systems, always keeping in mind the main purpose of engineering and applied science, which is to analyze, design, and improve the performance of phy sical systems. Hence we discuss the effect of small nonlinearities, and of perturbations of feedback. It is our on the data; we face robustness issues and discuss the properties hope that the book will be a useful reference for a first-year graduate student. We assume that a typical reader with an engineering background will have gone through the conventional undergraduate single-input single-output linear systems course; an elementary course in control is not indispensable but may be useful for motivation. For readers from a mathematical curriculum we require only familiarity with techniques of linear algebra and of ordinary differential equations.
Incorporating recent developments in control and systems research,Linear Control Theory provides the fundamental theoreticalbackground needed to fully exploit control system design software.This logically-structured text opens with a detailed treatment ofthe relevant aspects of the state space analysis of linear systems.End-of-chapter problems facilitate the learning process byencouraging the student to put his or her skills into practice.Features include: * The use of an easy to understand matrix variational technique todevelop the time-invariant quadratic and LQG controllers * A step-by-step introduction to essential mathematical ideas asthey are needed, motivating the reader to venture beyond basicconcepts * The examination of linear system theory as it relates to controltheory * The use of the PBH test to characterize eigenvalues in the statefeedback and observer problems rather than its usual role as a testfor controllability or observability * The development of model reduction via balanced realization * The employment of the L2 gain as a basis for the development ofthe H??? controller for the design of controllers in the presenceof plant model uncertainty Senior undergraduate and postgraduate control engineering studentsand practicing control engineers will appreciate the insight thisself-contained book offers into the intelligent use of today scontrol system software tools.
Introduction to state-space methods covers feedback control; state-space representation of dynamic systems and dynamics of linear systems; frequency-domain analysis; controllability and observability; shaping the dynamic response; more. 1986 edition.
Modern control theory and in particular state space or state variable methods can be adapted to the description of many different systems because it depends strongly on physical modeling and physical intuition. The laws of physics are in the form of differential equations and for this reason, this book concentrates on system descriptions in this form. This means coupled systems of linear or nonlinear differential equations. The physical approach is emphasized in this book because it is most natural for complex systems. It also makes what would ordinarily be a difficult mathematical subject into one which can straightforwardly be understood intuitively and which deals with concepts which engineering and science students are already familiar. In this way it is easy to immediately apply the theory to the understanding and control of ordinary systems. Application engineers, working in industry, will also find this book interesting and useful for this reason. In line with the approach set forth above, the book first deals with the modeling of systems in state space form. Both transfer function and differential equation modeling methods are treated with many examples. Linearization is treated and explained first for very simple nonlinear systems and then more complex systems. Because computer control is so fundamental to modern applications, discrete time modeling of systems as difference equations is introduced immediately after the more intuitive differential equation models. The conversion of differential equation models to difference equations is also discussed at length, including transfer function formulations. A vital problem in modern control is how to treat noise in control systems. Nevertheless this question is rarely treated in many control system textbooks because it is considered to be too mathematical and too difficult in a second course on controls. In this textbook a simple physical approach is made to the description of noise and stochastic disturbances which is easy to understand and apply to common systems. This requires only a few fundamental statistical concepts which are given in a simple introduction which lead naturally to the fundamental noise propagation equation for dynamic systems, the Lyapunov equation. This equation is given and exemplified both in its continuous and discrete time versions. With the Lyapunov equation available to describe state noise propagation, it is a very small step to add the effect of measurements and measurement noise. This gives immediately the Riccati equation for optimal state estimators or Kalman filters. These important observers are derived and illustrated using simulations in terms which make them easy to understand and easy to apply to real systems. The use of LQR regulators with Kalman filters give LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian) regulators which are introduced at the end of the book. Another important subject which is introduced is the use of Kalman filters as parameter estimations for unknown parameters. The textbook is divided into 7 chapters, 5 appendices, a table of contents, a table of examples, extensive index and extensive list of references. Each chapter is provided with a summary of the main points covered and a set of problems relevant to the material in that chapter. Moreover each of the more advanced chapters (3 - 7) are provided with notes describing the history of the mathematical and technical problems which lead to the control theory presented in that chapter. Continuous time methods are the main focus in the book because these provide the most direct connection to physics. This physical foundation allows a logical presentation and gives a good intuitive feel for control system construction. Nevertheless strong attention is also given to discrete time systems. Very few proofs are included in the book but most of the important results are derived. This method of presentation makes the text very readable and gives a good foundation for reading more rigorous texts. A complete set of solutions is available for all of the problems in the text. In addition a set of longer exercises is available for use as Matlab/Simulink ‘laboratory exercises’ in connection with lectures. There is material of this kind for 12 such exercises and each exercise requires about 3 hours for its solution. Full written solutions of all these exercises are available.
Based largely on state space models, this text/reference utilizes fundamental linear algebra and operator techniques to develop classical and modern results in linear systems analysis and control design. It presents stability and performance results for linear systems, provides a geometric perspective on controllability and observability, and develops state space realizations of transfer functions. It also studies stabilizability and detectability, constructs state feedback controllers and asymptotic state estimators, covers the linear quadratic regulator problem in detail, introduces H-infinity control, and presents results on Hamiltonian matrices and Riccati equations.
The essential introduction to the principles and applications of feedback systems—now fully revised and expanded This textbook covers the mathematics needed to model, analyze, and design feedback systems. Now more user-friendly than ever, this revised and expanded edition of Feedback Systems is a one-volume resource for students and researchers in mathematics and engineering. It has applications across a range of disciplines that utilize feedback in physical, biological, information, and economic systems. Karl Åström and Richard Murray use techniques from physics, computer science, and operations research to introduce control-oriented modeling. They begin with state space tools for analysis and design, including stability of solutions, Lyapunov functions, reachability, state feedback observability, and estimators. The matrix exponential plays a central role in the analysis of linear control systems, allowing a concise development of many of the key concepts for this class of models. Åström and Murray then develop and explain tools in the frequency domain, including transfer functions, Nyquist analysis, PID control, frequency domain design, and robustness. Features a new chapter on design principles and tools, illustrating the types of problems that can be solved using feedback Includes a new chapter on fundamental limits and new material on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus plots Provides exercises at the end of every chapter Comes with an electronic solutions manual An ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate students Indispensable for researchers seeking a self-contained resource on control theory