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In the 1950s, the United States Air Force led the way in building continental air defenses to protect the nation against bomber attack. By the end of that decade, the United States and Canada deployed a warning network of ground-based radars extending from the United States' southern borders to the arctic tundra, a fleet of airborne early-warning planes, naval radar picket ships, radar platforms (the Texas Towers) fastened to the ocean floor in the Atlantic Ocean, and a civilian corps of ground observers. Once warning of approaching enemy bombers had been received, the military forces of the United States and Canada were prepared to unleash against the invader an arsenal of weapons that included fighter-interceptors equipped with lethal air-to-air missiles, antiaircraft artillery, and short- and long-range surface-to-air missiles, some nu­ clear tipped. The whole system was coordinated through a technologically advanced, computer-oriented command and control system, the first of its kind ever deployed. The story of the rise of air defense in the United States after World War II is complex, and this volume does not presume to be a complete history of the subject. It focuses on the U.S. Air Force's predominant role in defense of the continental United States against manned bomber attacks. Although the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy, and the Canadian Air Force contributed resources to the mission, the U.S. Air Force had primary responsibility for research, development, and deployment of most of the systems and weapons. The outstanding exception was antiaircraft artillery, the province of the U.S. Army. In some respects, the Army can be said to have fielded a complementary air defense system separate from that of the Air Force. This book, however, examines the Army's part in the mission only as it concerns roles and missions controversies with the Air Force. The volume begins with the U.S. Army Air Service's involvement with air defense in World War I and traces the story through to the late 1950s and early 1960s. At that time, the intercontinental ballistic missile supplanted the bomber as the most dangerous long-range threat to North America, precipitating a dramatic decline in bomber defenses over the next two decades. A number of important themes emerge: the development of technology, particularly for command, control, and communications systems; roles and missions debates; interpretations and analysis of the threat; and Air Force theories and approaches to offensive and defensive strategic warfare. The last is by far the most pervasive theme.
In the 1950s, the United States Air Force led the way in building continental air defenses to protect the nation against bomber attack. By the end of that decade, the United States and Canada deployed a warning network of ground-based radars extending from the United States' southern borders to the arctic tundra, a fleet of airborne early-warning planes, naval radar picket ships, radar platforms (the Texas Towers) fastened to the ocean floor in the Atlantic Ocean, and a civilian corps of ground observers. Once warning of approaching enemy bombers had been received, the military forces of the United States and Canada were prepared to unleash against the invader an arsenal of weapons that included fighter-interceptors equipped with lethal air-to-air missiles, antiaircraft artillery, and short- and long-range surface-to-air missiles, some nuclear tipped. The whole system was coordinated through a technologically advanced, computer-oriented command and control system, the first of its kind ever deployed. The story of the rise of air defense in the United States after World War II is complex, and this volume does not presume to be a complete history of the subject. It focuses on the U.S. Air Force's predominant role in defense of the continental United States against manned bomber attacks. Although the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy, and the Canadian Air Force contributed resources to the mission, the U.S. Air Force had primary responsibility for research, development, and deployment of most of the systems and weapons. The outstanding exception was antiaircraft artillery, the province of the U.S. Army. In some respects, the Army can be said to have fielded a complementary air defense system separate from that of the Air Force. This book, however, examines the Army's part in the mission only as it concerns roles and missions controversies with the Air Force. The volume begins with the U.S. Army Air Service's involvement with air defense in World War I and traces the story through to the late 1950s and early 1960s. Topics and subjects covered: Dew Line, Pine Tree Line, Early Warning Systems, NORAD, SAC, General Hap Arnold, Lashup system, Billy Mitchell, Vandenberg, Gordon P. Saville, Air Defense Command, Radar fence, SAGE, Foulis, Russia, China, North Korea, BOMARC, milestones listing. Genesis of the Air Defense Mission * The United States and Air Defense: The Early Years * Defining the Mission * Development of Air Defense Doctrine and Tactics * Air Defense in World War II * The First Air Defense Command, 1940-1941 * Air Defense in Wartime * Planning for Air Defense in the Postwar Era * Establishment of the Air Defense Command * Early Planning Efforts * The Radar Fence Plan * Attempts to Come to Terms with the Mission * Active Operations Begin * Saville Takes Charge * Revision of the Radar Fence Plan * Establishment of the Continental Air Command * Taking the Case to Congress * Fighter Aircraft for Air Defense * Further Organizational Changes * Chapter 5 - Broadening Dimensions: Air Defense as a Public Issue * The Revolt of the Admirals * Impact of the Soviet Atomic Bomb * Roles and Missions Dilemmas * Air Defense Forces in the Field * Continental Air Defense in the Korean War Period * Reorganization and the Impact of the Chinese Intervention * Confronting Realities * Status of the Fighter-Interceptor Forces * An Integrated, Efficient, Highly Potent Air Defense System * Next to the Real Thing * East River * The Summer Study Group * The Decision to Proceed * Defensive Systems Become Operational * SAGE: A Command and Control Network for Air Defense * Warning Lines * Other Warning Systems * The Air Defense Weapons Force * BOMARC * Organizing to Meet the Threat * Continental Air Defense Command: A Joint Command for Air Defense * North American Air Defense Command * Epilogue: Impact of a New Threat * Effects of the ICBM Threat on the Air Defenses
"Forging the Shield" tells the story of the U.S. Army in Europe during the critical 1950s and early 1960s. It spans the period between the return of major U.S. combat forces to Germany in 1951 and the aftermath of the Berlin crisis of 1961-1962. During that time, the troops in Europe became the public face of the Army to Europeans and Americans as well as to the rest of the world. The service directed almost all of its training, equipment, and force development toward that potential day when its troops would face Soviet divisions streaming through the Fulda Gap and into Germany. The establishment of a credible conventional deterrent in Germany, backed up with our nuclear forces, was one of the central linchpins of the U.S. strategy of containment of Soviet power. It was a visible symbol to the world that America had placed its flag and its soldiers-its citizens-in-arms-in harm's way to reinforce its commitment to peace and freedom in Europe. This important volume tells the story of the U.S. Army in the early days of the Cold War as our commitment evolved into the multigenerational defense of Europe and the values of freedom. The Army in Europe has remained a central pillar of U.S. defense and foreign policy throughout the Cold War and into the new reality of post-Cold War Europe today.
"Even as America faces a world of difficult-to-detect, low-tech, unconventional threats, the Bush administration has put its faith in a missile defense system or "shield " to keep us all safe."
The enclosed final report is the culmination of the U.S. Army Armor Center effort to collect Desert Shield/Storm emerging observations and provide them to the Total Armor Force (TAF) and other selected agencies. The report is a compilation of a year long effort with the following objectives: (a) To gather Armor related information through interviews, surveys, after action reports, and miscellaneous sources; (b) Compile the information into a usable form that can be easily studied and analyzed to look for trends and consensus on issues and observations; (c) Draw conclusions from the detailed assessments based upon the five Training and Doctrine Command functional areas of doctrine, organization, training, materiel, and leader development; (d) Disseminate conclusions to the Total Armor Force and incorporate them into our training; and (e) Record Armor history. In addition to providing the TAF the conclusions derived from our study of Desert Shield/Storm, this report will also feed the ongoing Armor 2000 effort and the upcoming Armor Functional Area Assessment (FAA). Both of these actions are critically important to the future of the Armor Force.
Describes America's air sovereignty mission in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.