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Volume 62 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry reviews the recent research in the geochemistry and mineral physics of hydrogen in the principal mineral phases of the Earth's crust and mantle. Contents: Analytical Methods for Measuring Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals The Structure of Hydrous Species in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals: Information from Polarized IR Spectroscopy Structural Studies of OH in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals Using NMR Atomistic Models of OH Defects in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals Hydrogen in High Pressure Silicate and Oxide Mineral Structures Water in Nominally Anhydrous Crustal Minerals: Speciation, Concentration, and Geologic Significance Water in Natural Mantle Minerals I: Pyroxenes Water in Natural Mantle Minerals II: Olivine, Garnet and Accessory Minerals Thermodynamics of Water Solubility and Partitioning The Partitioning of Water Between Nominally Anhydrous Minerals and Silicate Melts The Stability of Hydrous Mantle Phases Hydrous Phases and Water Transport in the Subducting Slab Diffusion of Hydrogen in Minerals Effect of Water on the Equation of State of Nominally Anhydrous Minerals Remote Sensing of Hydrogen in Earth's Mantle
This book focuses on the experimental determination of the physical properties of silicate melts and magmas close to glass transition. Abundant new data are presented. The same type of measurement is performed on a range of melts to test the effect of composition on physical properties; and a range of different techniques are used to determine the same physical properties to illustrate the relationships between the relaxation of the melt structure and the relaxation of its physical properties. This book is of interest to experimental researchers in the discussion of data obtained from both a materials science and a geoscientific point of view.
Presenting a coherent synthesis of lithosphere studies, this book covers a range of geophysical methods (seismic reflection, refraction, and receiver function methods; elastic and anelastic seismic tomography; electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods; thermal, gravity and rheological models), complemented by petrologic and laboratory data on rock properties. It also provides a critical discussion of the uncertainties, assumptions, and resolution issues that are inherent in the different methods and models of the lithosphere. Multidisciplinary in scope, global in geographical extent, and covering a wide variety of tectonics settings across 3.5 billion years of Earth history, this book presents a comprehensive overview of lithospheric structure and evolution. It is a core reference for researchers and advanced students in geophysics, geodynamics, tectonics, petrology, and geochemistry, and for petroleum and mining industry professionals.
Electrical conductivity is a parameter which characterizes composition and physical state of the Earth's interior. Studies of the state equations of solids at high temperature and pressure indicate that there is a close relation be tween the electrical conductivity of rocks and temperature. Therefore, measurements of deep conductivity can provide knowledge of the present state and temperature of the Earth's crust and upper mantle matter. Infor mation about the temperature of the Earth's interior in the remote past is derived from heat flow data. Experimental investigation of water-containing rocks has revealed a pronounced increase of electrical conductivity in the temperature range D from 500 to 700 DC which may be attributed to the beginning of fractional melting. Hence, anomalies of electrical conductivity may be helpful in identitying zones of melting and dehydration. The studies of these zones are perspective in the scientific research of the mobile areas of the Earth's crust and upper mantle where tectonic movements, processes ofthe region al metamorphism and of forming mineral deposits are most intensive. Thus, in the whole set of research on physics of the Earth the studies of electrical conductivity of deep-seated rocks appear, beyond doubt, very important.
The fourth edition of Physics of the Earth maintains the original philosophy of this classic graduate textbook on fundamental solid earth geophysics, while being completely revised, updated, and restructured into a more modular format to make individual topics even more accessible. Building on the success of previous editions, which have served generations of students and researchers for nearly forty years, this new edition will be an invaluable resource for graduate students looking for the necessary physical and mathematical foundations to embark on their own research careers in geophysics. Several completely new chapters have been added and a series of appendices, presenting fundamental data and advanced mathematical concepts, and an extensive reference list, are provided as tools to aid readers wishing to pursue topics beyond the level of the book. Over 140 student exercises of varying levels of difficulty are also included, and full solutions are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521873628.
This book highlights and discusses recent developments that have contributed to an improved understanding of observed mantle heterogeneities and their relation to the thermo-chemical state of Earth's mantle, which ultimately holds the key to unlocking the secrets of the evolution of our planet. This series of topical reviews and original contributions address 4 themes. Theme 1 covers topics in geophysics, including global and regional seismic tomography, electrical conductivity and seismic imaging of mantle discontinuities and heterogeneities in the upper mantle, transition zone and lower mantle. Theme 2 addresses geochemical views of the mantle including lithospheric evolution from analysis of mantle xenoliths, composition of the deep Earth and the effect of water on subduction-zone processes. Theme 3 discusses geodynamical perspectives on the global thermo-chemical structure of the deep mantle. Theme 4 covers application of mineral physics data and phase equilibrium computations to infer the regional-scale thermo-chemical structure of the mantle.
The magnetotelluric method is a technique for imaging the electrical conductivity and structure of the Earth, from the near surface down to the 410 km transition zone and beyond. This book forms the first comprehensive overview of magnetotellurics, from the salient physics and its mathematical representation to practical implementation in the field, data processing, modeling and geological interpretation. Electromagnetic induction in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D media is explored, building from first principles, and with thorough coverage of the practical techniques of time series processing, distortion, numerical modeling and inversion. The fundamental principles are illustrated with a series of case histories describing geological applications. Technical issues, instrumentation and field practices are described for both land and marine surveys. This book provides a rigorous introduction to magnetotellurics for academic researchers and advanced students, and will be of interest to industrial practitioners and geoscientists wanting to incorporate rock conductivity into their interpretations.
Table 1 Earth conductivity profiles Figure File Name Apx. Depth Remarks References 1. Global Models 1939-69 LAPR39 0--1250 global Sq, Dst LAHIRI and PRICE, 1939; PRICE, 1973 RIKI50 0--1400 misc. data sources RIKITAKE. 1950; 1966 MCD057 0--2900 LAPR39 + secular change McDoNALD, 1957 CANT60 100--600 see ECKHARDT et a!. , 1963 CANTWELL, 1960 YUKU65 380--1900 ring current YUKUTAKE, 1965 BANK69 0--1700 ring current BANKS, 1969; 1972 2. Global Models 1970--74 BFRS70 100--700 Sq, Dst 27-d variations BERDICHEVSKY et a!. , 1970; 1973 PRKR70 0--3200 rework BANKS, 1969, data PARKER, 1970 SCJA72 0--1000 pulsations, bays, Sq, Dst SCHMUCKER and JANKOWSKI, 1972 BANK72 230--1250 model summary BANKS, 1972 JADY74 0--2951 Sq, 27-d, annual variations JADY, 1974 FAR074 300--1500 with BFRS70 FAINBERG and ROTANOVA, 1974 SCHM74 0--1000 see HAAK, 1980 SCHMUCKER, 1974 DMRB77 0--1450 all available data DMITRIEV et al. , 1977 Global Models 1974-1983 3. PRKN74 60-430 Sq PARKINSON, 1974 DUCM80 0--2900 annual means DUCRUIX et a!. , 1980 ISIK80 320--2020 Sq, Dst, annual, solar cycle ISIKARA, 1980 ACMC81 0--2875 secular impulse ACACHE et a!. , 1980 ROKI82 350--1200 various methods ROKITYANSKY. 1982 JAPA83 0--1200 Dst JADY and PATERSON, 1983 4. Pacific Models LAUN74 0--500 near Calif. ; see DRURY, 1978 LAUNAY, 1975 LARSEN, 1975 LAHA75 0--800 Hawaii 7-1350 FILL80 NE Pacific FILLOUX, 1980 LAW and GREENHOUSE, LWGR81 0--200 Juan de Fuca 1981 0--250 Juan de Fuca OLDENBURG et a!. , 1984 OLJA84 OLCA84 0-250 near Calif. OLDENBURG et al. , 1984 OLNC84 0--250 N. cent. Pacific OLDENBURG et ai.