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This report presents results from a study conducted to examine the effect of droplet size, spray volume, active ingredient rate, and their interactions on the phytotoxicity of formulated glyphosate (Vision) aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), and blue joint (Calamagrostis canadensis). The investigators treated the plants by placing them in a line and moving the spray nozzle above the plants along the plant line. The spray solutions contained dye for easy checking of droplet deposition using Kromekote cards. Glyphosate efficiency was measured not only as foliar browning but also as root kill, so that the results presented will be more applicable to field conditions. The report includes a plan for future research.
Presents an overview of a project being conducted to examine the interactions of droplet size, spray volume, and active ingredient rates on the efficacy of formulated glyphosate on aspen, raspberry, and blue-joint under greenhouse conditions. Spray volumes from 15 to 120 litres per hectare and uniform drop sizes from 150 to 2,000 microns are being tested. Glyphosate efficacy is being measured as foliar browning and root kill.
The influence of four adjuvants (Ethokem, Multifilm, Regulaid and Tween-20) and four spray-droplet sizes (159, 332, 447, 575 ?m) on efficacy and crop tolerance with a glyphosate formulation were investigated for white birch [Betula papyrifera L.] and white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. It was found that some adjuvants (Ethokem, and Tween-20) enhanced the effectiveness of glyphosate sprays without damaging the crop (white spruce) species. Tests with 14C-glyphosate showed greater penetration and translocation by birch leaves when an adjuvant was used. Of the four droplet sizes tested, small droplets (159 ?m) of glyphosate were more phytotoxic than large drops (575 ?m). The implication of these findings in relation to herbicidal action of glyphosate on forestry species is discussed.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with glyphosate for postemergence (POST) applications is one of the primary alternatives to manage glyphosate-resistant weeds and the only effective POST chemical option in conventional and glyphosate-tolerant soybean to control glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting resistant weeds. Antagonistic interactions have been reported between many different herbicide modes of action and optimal droplet size may be affected by tank-mixtures of different herbicides. Additionally, the impact of adjuvants on the factors aforementioned as well as on physical properties needs to be thoroughly investigate to maximize herbicide efficacy. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to: 1) conduct greenhouse and field studies to evaluate the impact of glyphosate and PPO-inhibiting herbicides (fomesafen or lactofen) applied alone and in tank mixtures on weed control, optimal droplet size, drift potential, and tank mixture interactions, 2) determine the influence of adjuvants on tank mixtures interactions, spray droplet-spectra, drift potential, and physical properties, (3) determine if herbicide efficacy (and thereby, weed control) is correlated to reduced surface tension and contact angle. Overall, applications from the tank mixtures resulted in antagonistic interactions and some of them were overcame by the addition of adjuvants. Droplet size and percent volume of droplets ≤ 150 μm were highly affected by nozzle type and spray solution. The oil based formulation of lactofen and crop oil concentrates were shattered by TTI nozzles due to its internal turbulence chamber creating smaller droplets and increasing driftable fines. The impact of nozzle selection on weed control was minimal and larger droplets at the rates and carrier volume used in this study could be used without compromising herbicide efficacy reducing drift potential. Adjuvants reduced the surface tension and contact angle of spray solutions; however, herbicide efficacy was only partially explained by the changes in these physical properties. Results emphasized the importance of better understanding the relationship among application variables and weed species. In addition, recommendations should be herbicide- and weed-specific in order to optimize herbicide applications and to maintain herbicide effectiveness.
New technologies are becoming available for managing glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds and reducing their spread. GR crop technology has revolutionized crop production in the developed world and the benefits are gradually spilling over to the developing world. In order to sustain an effective, environmentally safe herbicide such as glyphosate and the GR crop technology well in to the future, it is imperative that the issue of GR weeds be comprehensively understood. This book provides such an essential, up-to-date source of information on glyphosate resistance for researchers, extension workers, land managers, government personnel, and other decision makers. Provides comprehensive coverage of the intensely studied topic of glyphosate resistant (GR) in crops Details the development of glyphosate resistance and how to detect and manage the problem in crops Helps standardize global approaches to glyphosate resistance Encompasses interdisciplinary approaches in chemistry, weed science, biochemistry, plant physiology, plant biotechnology, genetics, ecology Includes a chapter on economic analysis of GR impact on crops
Adjuvants are used in agriculture to improve herbicide activity or application performance. The addition of adjuvants to herbicide solution can enhance its penetration, wettability, and evaporation rates by altering density, viscosity, contact angle between the droplet and plant surface, and droplet surface tension. Furthermore, those alterations in the physical properties of the herbicide solution can result in changes in the droplet-size distribution that directly impact herbicide efficacy. The adoption of glufosinate-based herbicide programs has increased with the widespread occurrence of glyphosate-resistance (GR) weeds in recent years. Also, tank mixture of dicamba and glyphosate has been largely adopted for broad-spectrum weed control since the release of dicamba/glyphosate-tolerant soybeans in 2017. Therefore, it is essential to understand the influence of adjuvants on the performance of those commonly used herbicides. The objectives of this research were: (1) determine the physical properties (density, viscosity, dynamic surface tension, static contact angle, and droplet evaporation rate), and droplet size distribution of glufosinate, and dicamba plus glyphosate solutions in tank-mixture with adjuvants and (2) evaluate the response of weed species to glufosinate, and dicamba plus glyphosate solutions in tank-mixture with adjuvants under greenhouse and field conditions.
Bean shoot parts that respond to glyphosate (N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine) in ways useful for bioassay were determined by applying glyphosate doses of 3.8 to 60.3 ug ae per plant to the simple leaves when the first trifoliolate leaflets were about 1 cm long. Dry weights of parts that were almost fully enlarged at treatment were greater in treated than untreated plants after two weeks. Maximum weight increase was found with the 15.1 ug dose. Growth of younger shoot parts was reduced by glyphosate, showing linear reductions with log dose from 3.8 to 30.2 ug. Growth reduction of young shoot parts was therefore concluded to be a better measure of sublethal glyphosate activity than reduction of total shoot growth. Using the above assay, growth of bean plants from a controlled environment was evaluated after treatment with a 3.0 mM glyphosate solution applied in uniform drops of 138, 430, and 1230 um diameter. The largest drops were less effective than both smaller sizes, and no difference in activity between the two smaller sizes was found. Bean plants grown outdoors in pots responded similarly to a 12.2 mM glyphosate solution applied in drops of 138, 240, 430, 740, and 1230 um diameter. There were no activity differences between the four smallest sizes, and the 1230 um size was less effective than all others. To ascertain effects of leaf coverage on glyphosate activity, 1.0 ul drops of glyphosate solution were applied to the simple leaves of bean plants and physically spread with the tip of a small, glass rod to cover areas of different size. Herbicidal activity was reduced with increased drop spread on plants grown in a controlled environment, but not with plants grown outdoors. Cuticular adsorption of glyphosate was assumed not to be a factor in reducing activity because isolated leaf cuticles from beans grown both outdoors and in a growth chamber were shaken in an aqueous solution of 14C-glyphosate at 25 C and showed no adsorptive tendency throughout an 83-hour period. The hypothesis that glyphosate applied in low volumes is more effective because of reduced leaf surface contact is not supported by drop size data, and is supported only by results from controlled environment treatments showing less activity from increased drop spread.