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"Visual neurons are known to exhibit a significant degree of variability in their response to the same visual input. From the perspective of the experimenter, "noise" refers to any intrinsic source of neural and behavioural variability. Noise in visual neurons is an important contributor of trial-to-trial variability in the behavioural response. Studies in non-human primates have often associated intrinsic noise with significant impairments in perceptual judgment. In this thesis, I explore the underlying neural mechanisms behind multi-element motion perception, in the presence of intrinsic ("noise") and extrinsic (stimulus-driven) correlations. We look at the timecourse of correlated activity in MT neurons, and examine its relationship to the visual stimulus and behavioural outcomes. We show that very short timescale "noise" correlations between MT neurons can account for a significant degree of behavioural variability in a motion coherence detection task (Chapter 2). We also look at feed-forward mechanisms that could give rise to the link between short timescale correlations in area MT and behavioural outcomes. And explore the timescales in which visual inputs can dynamically alter correlations, in a motion correlation detection task. In Chapter 3, we demonstrate that unlike "noise" correlations, stimulus-driven correlations in MT neurons can enhance performance, depending on their timescale, and the computational demands of our task. Finally, we carried out a motion direction change detection task in humans (Chapter 4) and showed that integration of remote motion change signals benefits from the degree to which they reverse in the same global direction. " --
The experiment was designed to determine whether recognition performance would be improved or retarded with the use of non-static visual stimuli as opposed to static images. The stimulus objects were rocket-like projectiles, animated by an analog-digital computer. The stimuli varied across several dimensions of similarity and S's task was to 'recognize' the stimulus object which was presented for 1.5 sec. periods. The stimulus presentations differed as a function of speed of motion where motion was varied across two dimensions (horizontal and vertical). The Ss were paid a bonus for correct responses with the bonus decreasing as a function of the time it took to make the decision. The prime dependent measure was choice reaction time. The present results, which should be considered preliminary, suggested that performance could be improved by motion. That is, motion might possibly provide an advantageous ratio between information and interference. (Author).
Research is suggesting that rather than our senses being independent, perception is fundamentally a multisensory experience. This handbook reviews the evidence and explores the theory of broad underlying principles that govern sensory interactions, regardless of the specific senses involved.
Timing and Time Perception: Procedures, Measures, and Applications is a one-of-a-kind, collective effort to present the most utilized and known methods on timing and time perception. Specifically, it covers methods and analysis on circadian timing, synchrony perception, reaction/response time, time estimation, and alternative methods for clinical/developmental research. The book includes experimental protocols, programming code, and sample results and the content ranges from very introductory to more advanced so as to cover the needs of both junior and senior researchers. We hope that this will be the first step in future efforts to document experimental methods and analysis both in a theoretical and in a practical manner. Contributors are: Patricia V. Agostino, Rocío Alcalá-Quintana, Fuat Balcı, Karin Bausenhart, Richard Block, Ivana L. Bussi, Carlos S. Caldart, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Xiaoqin Chen, Ángel Correa, Massimiliano Di Luca, Céline Z. Duval, Mark T. Elliott, Dagmar Fraser, David Freestone, Miguel A. García-Pérez, Anne Giersch, Simon Grondin, Nori Jacoby, Florian Klapproth, Franziska Kopp, Maria Kostaki, Laurence Lalanne, Giovanna Mioni, Trevor B. Penney, Patrick E. Poncelet, Patrick Simen, Ryan Stables, Rolf Ulrich, Argiro Vatakis, Dominic Ward, Alan M. Wing, Kieran Yarrow, and Dan Zakay.
Previous experiments have attempted to measure smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) to acoustic targets with limited success. Some studies found no evidence for SPEM (Gauthier and Hofferer, 1967; Schaefer et al., 1981; Boucher et al., 2004; Berryhill et al., 2006) and other studies found only a sub-set of subjects could produce SPEM, which was poor in quality (Krukowski et al., 2001; Hashiba et al., 1996; Cloninger et al., 2013, 2014). These findings are despite evidence of auditory motion perception and an auditory motion aftereffect in the psychoacoustic literature (Carlile and Best, 2002; Dong et al., 2000). This thesis explored a multi-modal question, whether sounds can facilitate or interfere with pursuit of a visual target by moving congruent with or incongruent with linear visual motion, and did so using high-fidelity eye tracking that allowed for examination of the main pursuit characteristics: latency, open-loop acceleration, open-loop peak acceleration, steady-state gain (i.e., eye velocity/ target velocity), and number of “catch-up” saccades. Results showed evidence of facilitation in some characteristics (open-loop peak acceleration) but no evidence of interference, possibly due to the strength of the visual stimulus.
It has become accepted in the neuroscience community that perception and performance are quintessentially multisensory by nature. Using the full palette of modern brain imaging and neuroscience methods, The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes details current understanding in the neural bases for these phenomena as studied across species, stages of development, and clinical statuses. Organized thematically into nine sub-sections, the book is a collection of contributions by leading scientists in the field. Chapters build generally from basic to applied, allowing readers to ascertain how fundamental science informs the clinical and applied sciences. Topics discussed include: Anatomy, essential for understanding the neural substrates of multisensory processing Neurophysiological bases and how multisensory stimuli can dramatically change the encoding processes for sensory information Combinatorial principles and modeling, focusing on efforts to gain a better mechanistic handle on multisensory operations and their network dynamics Development and plasticity Clinical manifestations and how perception and action are affected by altered sensory experience Attention and spatial representations The last sections of the book focus on naturalistic multisensory processes in three separate contexts: motion signals, multisensory contributions to the perception and generation of communication signals, and how the perception of flavor is generated. The text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a strong overview of the current state of the field for experts.
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