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Academic Paper from the year 2019 in the subject Gender Studies, University of Nairobi (ODEL Campus), course: Project Planning and Management, language: English, abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of NGOs initiatives on management of gender based violence projects in public primary schools in Ndhiwa Sub County (Kenya). The study is guided by specific objectives. To establish the extent to which Support Group influence management of gender based violence, to determine how dissemination of information through digital platform influence management of gender based violence. And to examine the level at which sports development influence management of gender based violence and to determine how external factors moderate relationship between NGOs initiative and management of gender based violence in public primary schools in Ndhiwa Sub County. The research is inclined to social learning and performance failure theories. The study adopted descriptive survey research design, collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. The study’s target population was 6000 respondents drawn from twenty public primary schools that have NGOs implementing gender based violence initiative projects. A sample size of 380 respondents was determined using Krejcie & Morgan table of 1970.The respondents were selected using proportionate allocation of the sample to all schools and systematic random sampling techniques. Data collection instruments comprised both self-administered questionnaire with a return rate of 95% and interview schedule for the NGO Project Managers and teachers at the schools. Pilot testing was conducted in Migori town to determine construct and content validity of the research instruments. The prevalent rate of gender violence in Kenya is a major concern. About 36 percent of women who have experienced gender violence, the first experience of violence occurred at age 15-19. Schools are no longer the safe spaces that were considered to be as most of the violence is meted on children while they are either in school or the journey to and from school. It is against this backdrop that many organizations have tailored their programs around school related gender based violence with the key intention of reducing the prevalent rate, encourage school retention and improved academic performance.
Public schools have experienced an increase in violence exposure and a decline in overall student academic achievement. The proposed school community social achievement model, based on the school safety and achievement model and the social development model, was used as the theoretical foundation for the study. The study involved examining the relationships between the independent variables, exposure to violence and perceptions of school safety; the intervening variables, school and family social bonds; and the dependent variable, academic achievement. A quantitative longitudinal survey design was employed and included archival data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Waves I and II. Multiple regression analyses were utilized to examine the effects of the exposure to violence and perceptions of school safety on achievement as well as both school and family social bonding; and the effects of school and family social bonding on academic achievement, while controlling for gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The findings indicated that exposure to violence was negatively related to school and family social bonds and academic achievement. Perceptions of school safety were positively related to school and family social bonds and academic achievement. The findings also indicated that school and family social bonds were positively related to academic achievement. Implications for social change are that school officials, teachers, and parents may be able to design intervention and prevention programs that will improve family and school social bonds, which may reduce the negative effects of exposure to violence and increase academic achievement.
Bullying has long been tolerated as a rite of passage among children and adolescents. There is an implication that individuals who are bullied must have "asked for" this type of treatment, or deserved it. Sometimes, even the child who is bullied begins to internalize this idea. For many years, there has been a general acceptance and collective shrug when it comes to a child or adolescent with greater social capital or power pushing around a child perceived as subordinate. But bullying is not developmentally appropriate; it should not be considered a normal part of the typical social grouping that occurs throughout a child's life. Although bullying behavior endures through generations, the milieu is changing. Historically, bulling has occurred at school, the physical setting in which most of childhood is centered and the primary source for peer group formation. In recent years, however, the physical setting is not the only place bullying is occurring. Technology allows for an entirely new type of digital electronic aggression, cyberbullying, which takes place through chat rooms, instant messaging, social media, and other forms of digital electronic communication. Composition of peer groups, shifting demographics, changing societal norms, and modern technology are contextual factors that must be considered to understand and effectively react to bullying in the United States. Youth are embedded in multiple contexts and each of these contexts interacts with individual characteristics of youth in ways that either exacerbate or attenuate the association between these individual characteristics and bullying perpetration or victimization. Recognizing that bullying behavior is a major public health problem that demands the concerted and coordinated time and attention of parents, educators and school administrators, health care providers, policy makers, families, and others concerned with the care of children, this report evaluates the state of the science on biological and psychosocial consequences of peer victimization and the risk and protective factors that either increase or decrease peer victimization behavior and consequences.
Gender inequalities in education – in terms of systematic variations in access to educational institutions, in competencies, school marks, and educational certificates along the axis of gender – have tremendously changed over the course of the 20th century. Although this does not apply to all stages and areas of the educational career, it is particularly obvious looking at upper secondary education. Before the major boost of educational expansion in the 1960s, women’s participation in upper secondary general education, and their chances to successfully finish this educational pathway, have been lower than men’s. However, towards the end of the 20th century, women were outperforming men in many European countries and beyond. The international contributions to this book attempt to shed light on the mechanisms behind gender inequalities and the changes made to reduce this inequality. Topics explored by the contributors include gender in science education in the UK; women’s education in Luxembourg in the 19th and 20th century; the ‘gender gap’ debates and their rhetoric in the UK and Finland; sociological perspectives on the gender-equality discourse in Finland; changing gender differences in West Germany in the 20th century; the interplay of subjective well-being and educational attainment in Switzerland; and a psychological perspective on gender identities, gender-related perceptions, students’ motivation, intelligence, personality, and the interaction between student and teacher gender. This book was originally published as a special issue of Educational Research.
Researchers and practitioners have increasingly focused on institutional responses to campus gender-based violence/harassment, yet they have paid far less attention to graduate student experiences than to undergraduate student experiences. Graduate students operate in a different context from undergraduates, and therefore specific knowledge of gender-based violence/harassment in the lives of graduate students is needed. The purpose of this exploratory, nonexperimental study was to better understand the prevalence of adult gender-based violence/harassment and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among graduate students, as well as to understand the relationship between those experiences and participants' mental health and academic functioning. The study's theoretical framework combined critical adult learning theories with cognitive perspectives on adult learning, including the neurobiology of trauma. Data used in the current study were originally collected as part of an institutional campus climate survey on gender-based violence; responses from n = 684 of the randomly selected participants were used in the current study's analyses. Participants commonly reported both adult gender-based violence/harassment experiences and ACEs. The results of two OLS regressions indicated that experiencing more types of adult gender-based violence/harassment or more types of ACEs was associated with higher levels of negative affect and lower levels of mindfulness. Among participants who experienced gender-based violence/harassment in graduate school, independent samples t-tests showed that individuals who reported at least occasional academic functioning difficulties had lower levels of mindfulness and higher levels of negative affect than those who did not experience difficulties. Overall, the findings suggest the need for trauma-informed policies and practices within graduate education and higher education in general.
Drawing on one of the most comprehensive and representative studies of school violence ever conducted, Benbenishty and Astor explore and differentiate the many manifestations of victimization in schools, providing a new model for understanding school violence in context. The authors make striking use of the geopolitical climate of the Middle East to model school violence in terms of its context within as well as outside of the school site. This pioneering new work is unique in that it uses empirical data to show which variables and factors are similar across different cultures and which variables appear unique to different cultures. This empirical contrast of universal with culturally specific patterns is sorely needed in the school violence literature. The authors' innovative research maps the contours of verbal, social, physical, and sexual victimization and weapons possession, as well as staff-initiated violence against students, presenting some startling findings along the way. When comparing schools in Israel with schools in California, the authors demonstrate for the first time that for most violent events the patterns of violent behaviors have the same relationship for different age groups, genders, and nations. Conversely, they highlight specific kinds of violence that are strongly influenced by culture. They reveal, for example, how Arab boys encounter much more boy-to-boy sexual harassment than their Jewish peers, and that teacher-initiated victimization of students constitutes a significant and often overlooked type of school violence, especially among certain cultural groups. Crucially, the authors expand the paradigm of understanding school violence to encompass the intersection of cultural, ethnic, neighborhood, and family characteristics with intra-school factors such as teacher-student dynamics, anti-violence policies, student participation, grade level, and religious and gender divisions. It is only by understanding the multiple contexts of school violence, they argue, that truly effective prevention programs, interventions, research agendas, and policies can be implemented. In an age of heightened concern over school security, this study has enormous implications for school violence theory, research, and policy throughout the world. The patterns that emerge from the authors' analysis form a blueprint for the research agenda needed to address new and exciting theoretical and practical questions regarding the intersections of context and school victimization. The unique perspective on school violence will undoubtedly strike a chord with all readers, informing scholars and students across the fields of social work, psychology, education, sociology, public health, and peace/conflict studies. Its clearly written and accessible style will appeal to teachers, principals, policy makers and parents interested in the authors' practical discussion of policy and intervention implications, making this an invaluable tool for understanding, preventing, and handling violence in schools throughout the world.
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A well sourced and important workbook/toolkit, Take Action: Fighting for Women & Girls covers the basics of activism and advocacy and gives the reader specific information about four issues related to girls, women, and gender equality: the power and importance of education, expanding economic opportunities, eliminating gender-based violence, and participating in politics and public life. This book will help would-be activists start their work and stay focused and goal-oriented.