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Underground facilities are used extensively by many nations to conceal and protect strategic military functions and weapons' stockpiles. Because of their depth and hardened status, however, many of these strategic hard and deeply buried targets could only be put at risk by conventional or nuclear earth penetrating weapons (EPW). Recently, an engineering feasibility study, the robust nuclear earth penetrator program, was started by DOE and DOD to determine if a more effective EPW could be designed using major components of existing nuclear weapons. This activity has created some controversy about, among other things, the level of collateral damage that would ensue if such a weapon were used. To help clarify this issue, the Congress, in P.L. 107-314, directed the Secretary of Defense to request from the NRC a study of the anticipated health and environmental effects of nuclear earth-penetrators and other weapons and the effect of both conventional and nuclear weapons against the storage of biological and chemical weapons. This report provides the results of those analyses. Based on detailed numerical calculations, the report presents a series of findings comparing the effectiveness and expected collateral damage of nuclear EPW and surface nuclear weapons under a variety of conditions.
A handbook for scholars, students, policy makers, journalists, and peace and environmental activists.A handbook for scholars, students, policy makers, journalists, and peace and environmental activists, Nuclear Wastelands provides concise histories of the development of nuclear weapons programs of every declared and de facto nuclear weapons power, as well as detailed surveys of the health and environmental effects of this development both in these countries and in non-nuclear nations involved in nuclear weapons testing and uranium mining. Among the more obvious but largely deferred costs of the Cold War are those related to the management of radioactive waste. The world is burdened with thousands of unwanted nuclear devices and mounting surpluses of weapons-grade plutonium and enriched uranium. In addition, the process of weapons production and testing has left many lands, aquifers, rivers, lakes, and seas contaminated by a multitude of weapons-related poisons. This book follows the production process step by step and country by country from uranium mining to the final assembly and storage of weapons, analyzing the potential hazards of each step and compiling the most complete information available on the actual health and environmental effects, in each country involved. Nuclear Wastelands includes a wealth of information that has only recently come to light, particularly on the nuclear weapons program of the former Soviet Union. It also features critical analyses of official public communications concerning the health and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons production, bringing to light governmental secrecy and outright deception that have led to the subversion of democratic principles, and have camouflaged the damage done to the very people and lands the weapons were meant to safeguard.
Nuclear Weapons under International Law is a comprehensive treatment of nuclear weapons under key international law regimes. It critically reviews international law governing nuclear weapons with regard to the inter-state use of force, international humanitarian law, human rights law, disarmament law, and environmental law, and discusses where relevant the International Court of Justice's 1996 Advisory Opinion. Unique in its approach, it draws upon contributions from expert legal scholars and international law practitioners who have worked with conventional and non-conventional arms control and disarmament issues. As a result, this book embraces academic consideration of legal questions within the context of broader political debates about the status of nuclear weapons under international law.
Prepared for U.S. Atomic energy comm.
John Mueller argues how our obsession with nuclear weapons is unsupported by history, scientific fact, or logic. Examining the entire atomic era, Mueller boldly contends that nuclear weapons have had little impact on history.
This book discusses the decision to use the atomic bomb. Libraries and scholars will find it a necessary adjunct to their other studies by Pulitzer-Prize author Herbert Feis on World War II. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
This new edition of a very current interdisciplinary book covers both technical material and social issues, to give readers of all backgrounds a sense of the overall implications of the arms race. Weapons are the primary focus of the book, with the history of their development and nuclear politics included in the introductory chapters. There is a thorough discussion of global nuclear exchange, which considers the consequences of an all-out nuclear war, the psychological impact of the threat and actual nuclear war; the atomic bombings of Japan; and the biological effects of radiation from nuclear weapons.
Indhold: Digest of nuclear weaponry; Biological effects of radiations on man; Radiations from nuclear explosions; Radiation casualties in a nuclear war; Effectiveness of civil defence; Other warlike uses of radiation.
This is the Second Edition of A Technical History of America's Nuclear Weapons: Volume II -Nuclear Developments From 1960 Through 2020. Volume II takes up where Volume I ends. It is written in the same straightforward, easy to understand, manner as Volume I. American nuclear weapons and delivery systems are presented in a rough chronological order with some weapons treated individually and others in functional or family groupings. Like Volume I, Volume II combines development histories with engineering descriptions to illustrate the performance characteristics of each weapon described and the design challenges that faced their developers. Basic data about weapon operation, delivery systems, and deployments are also included. A light editing job on the material that previously comprised the First Edition has allowed room for two additional chapters and an afterword. These chapters focus on the nuclear weapon systems under development that will form the new Triad. The weapon systems include the B-21 Raider stealth bomber, the Ground Based Strategic Deterrent ICBM, and the Columbia SSBN. The closing chapters draw heavily on information provided in the First Edition, since the New Triad relies heavily on previously developed technology. The afterword discusses some unclear aspects of the choices made for the new Triad. Like the First Edition, this Second Edition is lavishly illustrated with hundreds of photographs. Volume II: 1) Uses official Military Characteristic (Parts) Numbers for components where available, a very useful tool for internet searches 2) Discusses second generation multi-megaton hydrogen bombs including the three-stage, 25-megaton MK 41, America's most powerful weapon 3) Outlines the evolution of jet-powered, medium and heavy, strategic bombers-Discusses the continued development of tactical nuclear bombs and their delivery systems 4) Explains the mechanism of Dial-a-Yield, used in the B61 and B83 bombs 5) Follows the evolution of liquid and solid fuel ICBMs, which now form the core of the nuclear triad - based in silos and on-board Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines 6) Describes the evolution of Multiple Independently-targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs) that allowed Moscow to be targeted with four hundred thermonuclear warheads 7) Takes up the development of tactical nuclear missiles where Volume I left off 8) Describes the development of Enhanced Radiation or "neutron" weapons to minimize casualties in the European Theater 9) Outlines how tactical nuclear missiles and nuclear artillery were combined to provide "Terrain Fire", in which thousands of overlapping nuclear bursts to depths of 50 or 100 kilometers along an adversary's border would annihilate its forward forces leaving millions of dead 10) Follows the development air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, including the W61 warhead, which used gold to produce extremely high intensity radiation for use in the vacuum of space 10) Discusses the B-21 Raider, GBSD ICBM, and the Columbia Class SSBN that form the new Nuclear Triad 11) Reviews the Russian "doomsday" Poseidon torpedo and other new weapons and their implications for American deterrence 12) Considers the implications of the termination of The New START Treaty