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Challenges faced by pension funds today include steady increases in life expectancy, frequent changes in the accounting rules, low interest rates and poor equity market returns. It is possible to tackle the difficulties encountered by pension funds not only by raising contributions and/or reducing benefits, but also by improving the way in which pension funds invest. In spite of some changes in the past few years, Brazilian pension funds investment management remains subject to strict constraints. The findings of this study, carried out in 2007, suggest that, even though the results of conducted tests deny, to some extent, the need for further adjustments in investment regulations, concluding this way would not be accurate. There are, in fact, strong reasons to believe that the high interest rates environment experienced over the last years contaminated these results. Furthermore, with a clear downward trend in interest rates, it is possible to imply that, if nothing is done, pension funds will lack flexibility when they need it the most.
" "Draconian" regulations have created distortions in asset management, limited opportunities for diversification, and, as a consequence have hampered, the performance of pension funds." This volume shows that the return to retirement assets, expected replacement rates, and, hence, the net welfare gain from pension reform is lower under a draconian regulatory framework than under a more liberal pension fund investment regime. Important policy conclusions of the paper are that existing regulatory regimes should be liberalized as soon as possible to allow pension fund investments in a wider array of financial instruments and that regulations should require evaluation of pension fund performance against market benchmarks as opposed to exclusive focus on comparisons with industry averages. The paper also suggests a review of the current structure of the private pension fund industry in Latin America and an evaluation against alternatives in the light of actual performance experience.
Os fundos de pensão são mundialmente conhecidos pelos efeitos sociais que provocam ao pagar aposentadorias dignas e também ao investir a poupança previdenciária que acumulam. Afinal, benefícios previdenciários justos evitam aexclusão do inativo, tanto do convívio social como do mercado consumidor. Paralelamente, o investimento dos recursos na economia eleva o nível de produção; é fonte estável de financiamento das atividades produtivas; faz crescer o nível de emprego e aumenta a arrecadação de tributos. Portanto, é fundamental que os fundos de pensão busquem cada vez mais a implementação de técnicasmodernas e eficientes para a administração de seus ativos e passivos, ajustando as suas políticas de investimentos de recursos aos tempos atuais e futuros. Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a criação de um sistema racional e adequado de gestão de investimentos, através da análise das principais diretrizes pertinentes à aplicação de recursos que são adotadas por essas entidades. Temcomo objeto de estudo as políticas de investimentos de 55 fundos de pensão brasileiros. Os dados foram analisados à luz da legislação de investimentos do setor e do referencial teórico construído. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam a necessidade de reformulação da legislação de investimentos do setor, assim como de criação de um modelo mais eficiente, com mecanismos mais rígidos e competentes de fiscalização e acompanhamento dessa indústria.
This paper analyses the recent development of pension funds in Brazil. It assesses the potential of pension funds to finance productive investment and discusses policies that could maximise this potential. The paper concludes that the effectiveness of pension funds to fund productive investment is dependent on: the macroeconomic environment; the degree of volatility of asset prices; market organisation and regulation and the existence of appropriate institutions to mediate between institutional investors and primary corporate securities markets.
Countries around the world are increasingly relying on individual pension savings accounts to provide income in old age for their citizens. Although these funds have now been in place for several decades, their performance is usually measured using methods that are not meaningful in relation to this long-term objective. The recent global financial crisis has highlighted the need to develop better performance evaluation methods that are consistent with the retirement income objective of pension funds. Compiling research derived from a partnership among the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and three private partners, 'Evaluating the Financial Performance of Pension Funds' discusses the theoretical basis and key implementation issues related to the design of performance benchmarks based on life-cycle savings and investment principles. The book begins with an evaluation of the financial performance of funded pension systems using the standard mean variance framework. It then provides a discussion of the limitations inherent to applying these methods to pension funds and outlines the many other issues that should be addressed in developing more useful and meaningful performance measures through the formulation of pension-specific benchmark portfolios. Practical implementation issues are addressed through empirical examples of how such benchmarks could be developed. The book concludes with commentary and observations from several noted pension experts about the need for a new approach to performance measurement and the impact of the recent global financial crisis on pension funds.
Davis assesses the major economic issues raised by occupational pension funds as they have arisen in 12 OECD countries. Particular emphasis is placed on the performance of funds in financial markets.
Chile’s pension system came under close scrutiny in recent years. This paper takes stock of the adequacy of the system and highlights its challenges. Chile’s defined contribution system was quite influential when introduced, and was taken as an example by other countries. However, it is now delivering low replacement rates relative to OECD peers, as its parameters did not adapt over time to changing demographics and global returns, while informality persists in the labor market. In the absence of reforms, the system’s inability to deliver adequate outcomes for a large share of participants will continue to magnify, as demographic trends and low global interest rates will continue to reduce replacement rates. In addition, recent legislation allowing for pension savings withdrawals to counter the effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, is projected to further reduce replacement rates and increase fiscal costs. A substantial improvement in replacement rates is feasible, via a reform that raises contribution rates and the retirement age, coupled with policies that increases workers’ contribution density.
And key messages -- Key principles of governance and investment management -- Governance of public pension assets -- Governance structures and accountabilities -- Qualification, selection, and operation of governing bodies -- Operational policies and procedures -- Managing fiscal pressures in defined-benefit schemes -- Policy responses to turbulent financial markets -- Investment of public pension assets -- Defining the investment policy framework for public pension funds -- Managing risk for different cohorts in defined-contribution schemes -- An asset-liability approach to strategic asset allocation for pension funds -- In-house investment versus outsourcing to external investment managers -- International investments and managing the resulting currency risk -- Alternative asset classes and new investment themes.
Private pension funds are neither necessary nor sufficient for capital market development. But if they are subject to conducive regulations, adopt optimizing policies, and operate in a pluralistic structure, they can have a large impact on capital market modernization and development once they reach a critical mass.
While Brazil’s deep recession has been broad based, it has been marked by a particularly large fall in investment. Real investment fell by around 30 percent between the beginning of 2014 and the beginning of 2017. This paper finds that a variety of factors contributed to the investment decline, including a deterioration in Brazil’s medium-term growth prospects, rising real interest rates, falling terms of trade, rising uncertainty related to economic policy, rising levels of corporate leverage and lower cash flow. Some of the factors that have weighed on investment over recent years have begun to normalize providing some impetus for a recovery. However, still-high levels of corporate leverage and the prospect of continued uncertainty related to economic policy settings suggest a turnaround in investment is likely to be subdued.