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Ten subjects were individually confined in a small capsule for 48 hours and required to work intermittently on intellectual, perceptual, and compensatory tracking tasks. Half of the subjects received conventional meals. The other half were provided a diet designed for consumption in a space vehicle. The normal cycle of sleep and wakefulness was maintained throughout the confinement period. Ten control subjects underwent the same conditions except they were confined only while eating or working. Intellectual tasks were: arithmetic, digit memory, confusing sentences, nonsense syllables, verbal analogies, same-opposite word meanings, and logical reasoning. The perceptual tasks were: warning-light monitoring, finding embedded figures, form discrimination, and aerial reconnaissance. No decrement was observed in intellectual performance. Only one perceptual task, aerial reconnaissance, reflected any deterioration in performance. Comparisons revealed no significant effects of diet on performance. (Author).
Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an individual's circumstances and perceptions. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality, comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults summarizes the evidence base and explores how social isolation and loneliness affect health and quality of life in adults aged 50 and older, particularly among low income, underserved, and vulnerable populations. This report makes recommendations specifically for clinical settings of health care to identify those who suffer the resultant negative health impacts of social isolation and loneliness and target interventions to improve their social conditions. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults considers clinical tools and methodologies, better education and training for the health care workforce, and dissemination and implementation that will be important for translating research into practice, especially as the evidence base for effective interventions continues to flourish.