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This report summarizes the research conducted in a project entitled "The Effectiveness of U.S. Military Training Activities in Promoting Internal Defense and Development in the Third World." This report assesses the effectiveness, utility, and advisability of U.S. training of foreign militaries in internal defense and development (IDAD) skills. Among the project's conclusions are the following: training in IDAD skills has only a marginal effect on a foreign military's behavior; with the end of the Cold War, the United States can nonetheless show more discretion in determining which countries will receive IDAD training; such discretion will be particularly important given the overall decrease in U.S. foreign military training and the need to maximize the effects of such training worldwide; training in foreign internal defense (FID) or IDAD skills should be complemented by education in the theories underlying democratic development such as is being provided through the expanded IMET (IMET-E) program.
Training foreign militaries continues to be considered one of the most cost-effective and successful means of achieving a broad range of American political and military goals in the developing world. In some host nations, U.S. military training places particular emphasis on those skills that are relevant to internal defense and development (IDAD), either as a means of countering insurgency-as in Honduras and El Salvador-or simply to foster economic development, as in Senegal. There is no 'IDAD package' of courses offered by the U.S. military, however; there is no 'IDAD skills training' per se. There are simply courses-such as engineering, communications, transportation, and medical courses-that may be relevant to a foreign nation's IDAD strategy and that may or may not be provided in deliberate support of such a strategy.
Drawing on interviews with trainers, U.S. Embassy personnel, and an extensive review of peridicals and books, the author concludes that a causal relationship between U.S. training efforts and improvements in human rights and other values is difficult, if not impossible, to establish.
This report summarizes the research conducted in a project entitled "The Effectiveness of U.S. Military Training Activities in Promoting Internal Defense and Development in the Third World." It presents the results of two case studies in which the role of U.S. international military education and training (IMET) in foreign internal defense and development (IDAD) is assessed, as well as more general observations regarding IMET's role in IDAD. The report concludes that IMET is an inexpensive means of exposing foreign militaries to the U.S. political system and military culture and, although such exposure may not translate into direct influence, it can provide a common language for negotiations (literally and figuratively). The role of IMET in promoting IDAD, however, is limited as well as controversial. A more direct approach is the relatively new expanded-IMET (IMET-E) program, which provides education and training to foreign military and civilian personnel in the basic elements of democratic reform and human rights. Unfortunately, nations must pay for IMET-E courses out of their general IMET allocations, which are small and, in many cases, being reduced. This may breed resentment and frustration among recipient nations and their militaries (thus to some extent obviating the positive political effects), and will further burden the small budget of the IMET program. IMET and IMET-E therefore should both receive adequate funding, especially given the relatively few dollars required.
Since 1976, the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program has provided education and training to foreign military personnel. The program's objectives include professionalising military forces and increasing respect for democratic values and human rights. In 2010, Congress appropriated $108 million in IMET funding for more than 120 countries. The Department of State and the Department of Defense share responsibility for IMET. This book assesses changes in the program from fiscal years 2000 to 2010, by funding levels, students trained, and recipient countries; the program's provision of and emphasis on human rights training for its students; and the extent to which the Department of State and the Department of Defense monitor IMET graduates and evaluate program effectiveness.
Blending African social history with US foreign relations, John V. Clune documents how ordinary people experienced a major aspect of Cold War diplomacy. The book describes how military-sponsored international travel, especially military training abroad and United Nations peacekeeping deployments in the Sinai and Lebanon, altered Ghanaian service members and their families during the three decades after independence in 1957. Military assistance to Ghana included sponsoring training and education in the United States, and American policymakers imagined that national modernization would result from the personal relationships Ghanaian service members and their families would forge. As an act of faith, American military assistance policy with Ghana remained remarkably consistent despite little evidence that military education and training in the United States produced any measurable results. Merging newly discovered documents from Ghana's armed forces and declassified sources on American military assistance to Africa, this work argues that military-sponsored travel made individual Ghanaians' outlooks on the world more international, just as military assistance planners hoped they would, but the Ghanaian state struggled to turn that new identity into political or economic progress.
This publication, “Foreign Internal Defense (Joint Publication 3-22),” establishes joint doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States involved in or supporting foreign internal defense (FID). It discusses how joint operations, involving the application of all instruments of national power, support host nation efforts to build capability and capacity to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. Foreign internal defense (FID) is the participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any of the action programs taken by another government or other designated organization, to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to their security. The focus of US FID efforts is to support the host nation's (HN's) internal defense and development (IDAD), which can be described as the full range of measures taken by a nation to promote its growth and protect itself from the security threats. While historically, the United States provided notable, and largely unconditional, assistance to friendly foreign nations following World War II (Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan), FID as conducted today has its genesis in the post-Vietnam era when US policy shifted to emphasize that the United States would assist friendly nations, but would require them to provide the manpower and be ultimately responsible for their own national defense. It is important to frame the US FID effort within the context of the US doctrine it supports and to understand how it fits into the HN IDAD program. US military support to FID should focus on assisting an HN in anticipating, precluding, and countering threats or potential threats and addressing the root causes of instability. Emphasis on internal developmental programs as well as internal defense programs when organizing, planning, and executing military support to US FID activities is essential. Although the FID operation is considered military engagement, security cooperation, and deterrence, FID may include or support operations from across the range of military operations to support the HN's IDAD strategy. Accordingly, US military operations supporting FID provide training, materiel, advice, or assistance to local forces executing an IDAD program, rather than US forces conducting IDAD military missions for the HN. Military officials often have greater access to, and credibility with, HN regimes that are heavily influenced or dominated by their own military. However, the characteristics of FID involve the instruments of national power beyond the military instrument (diplomatic, informational, and economic) through which sources of US power (such as financial, intelligence, and law enforcement) can be applied to support an HN IDAD program. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the joint activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations while conducting or supporting FID. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objectives. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the joint staff, commanders of combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, the Services, and defense agencies in support of joint operations.
"A number of important steps have been taken in recent years to improve the planning and management of Army International Activities (AIA). Still, a need remains, and is widely recognized, for a high-level assessment mechanism to allocate AIA resources more efficiently, execute AIA programs more effectively, and highlight the contributions of AIA to the National Military Strategy, the DoD Security Cooperation Guidance, and The Army Plan. This report presents a framework for assessing the value of the Army's non-combat interactions with other militaries. It provides an overview of AIA programs and establishes their connection to the U.S. government's current strategy for security cooperation. It also provides a matrix of eight AIA "ends," derived from top-level national and Army guidance, and eight AIA "ways," which summarize the various capabilities inherent in AIA programs. Next, the report presents a method for linking AIA "ends" and "ways" that involves a theoretical rationale for security cooperation, selection criteria for AIA "output" and "outcome" indicators, and related measures of performance and effectiveness. The report also describes the new online AIA Knowledge Sharing System (AIAKSS) that is being used to solicit programmatic and assessment data from AIA officials in the Army's Major Commands. In addition, the report includes the results of three test cases -- involving the Army Medical Department, the National Guard Bureau, and U.S. Army South -- that helped to identify potential problems in evaluating AIA and to suggest improvements in the proposed AIA assessment mechanism. Finally, the report contains an extensive list of "output" and "outcome" indicators that have been reviewed by AIA officials throughout the Army."--Publisher's website.