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Running is known for providing numerous health benefits that untimely leads to decreased cardiac mortality. Despite these health benefits, running can cause overuse injuries in up to 79% of runners with a high incidence rate occurring in the knee1,2. Decline running in particular is associated with increased GRFs, resulting in increased knee contact forces. While decreased surface stiffness can result in increased leg stiffness in level running, it is difficult to determine how a softer surface would affect the knee joint in a decline setting. We predict a softer running surface would cause a reduction in knee joint loads during decline running because the runner's momentum would be directed more along the surface in decline running than level running. Therefore, we hypothesized that decreasing surface stiffness in decline running would result in a reduction in knee joint loads. The purpose of this study was to test the effect surface stiffness has on the knee joint loads in decline and level running in order to help prevent injury in runners. 14 healthy recreational runners provided written informed consent to university approved procedures. Knee joint patello-femoral compression and tibio-femoral compression and shear forces were modelled from GRFs and kinematics during 10[degree] decline and level running at a mean speed of 3.2 ms?. Participants ran with and without a 3 cm thick polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sponge shock absorbing mat (closed cell, Shore 00 65) places along the entire runway. Maximum forces were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA followed by Schefe post hoc tests, all p[less-than]0.05. Decline running on the softer surface lower the A/P GRF 56%, the patello-femoral compression, tibio-femoral compression, and shear forces 15%, 6%, 15% compared to the stiffer decline condition (p[less-than]0.05). Surface stiffness had no effect on these forces in level running (p>0.18). Inclination angle and surface stiffness had no effect on maximum GRF. We predict the mat reduced knee forces in decline because the initial impact between the runner and the surface was more in line with the surface in decline, producing a larger displacement of the mat material in decline when compared to level. We demonstrated that reducing surface stiffness can reduce knee loads during decline running at a 10[degree] decline. Further, we found that the same decrease in surface stiffness had no effect on knee joint loads in level running. This interaction shows how there is a need for further analysis when investigating running biomechanics by investigating more than one setting and surface.
Running shoes and surfaces have been developed to help enhance running efficiency and to reduce ground impacts by altering the total surface stiffness. However, to maintain running mechanics, an individual will increase leg joint stiffness while running across a more compliant ground surface and show an inverse effect when running across harder surfaces. Increasing leg stiffness causes landing impact forces to increase and may counteract the softer surface in terms of knee joint contact forces. Since the knee is an essential determinant for reducing impact forces and a primary site for changing leg stiffness, knowing more about knee joint forces while running on surfaces with different stiffnesses can be beneficial in developing injury prevention programs. It is our objective to determine the effect of surface stiffness on knee joint contact forces during running. We recruited 17 healthy recreational heel strike runners and ran across a 15m track at a consistent pace (3.46m/s + 5%) on 3 ground conditions (hard floor with embedded force plate and 1 and 2 layers of shock absorbing mat). The study protocol took place over 2 days. On day 1, participants were able to practice running over the various ground conditions at the test speed, on day 2, data were collected. Five successful trials per surface condition were gathered and analyzed with focus being on the knee joint and knee joint forces through musculoskeletal modeling. Data were statistically compared among surface conditions with a one way ANOVA, using three levels and alpha
With a focus on the normal and abnormal mechanical interactions between the muscles and joints of the body, Neumann’s Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, 4th Edition provides a foundation for the practice of physical rehabilitation. This comprehensive, research-based core text explores kinesiology as it relates to physical rehabilitation in a clinically relevant and accessible manner. It presents the language of human movement — and acts as a bridge between basic science and clinical management. It helps clinicians effectively address the mechanical-based changes in movement across a person’s lifespan, whether in the context of rehabilitation, recreation, or promotion of health and wellness. Full-color anatomic and kinesiologic illustrations clearly demonstrate the anatomy, functional movement, and biomechanical principles underlying movement and posture. An eBook version, included with print purchase, provides access to all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. The eBook included with print purchase also features multiple excellent videos of anatomic and kinesiologic principles, answers to study questions from the print book, and additional tables and figures. Evidence-based approach emphasizes the importance of research in PT decision-making. More than 900 high-quality illustrations provide visual accompaniments to clarify the material. Clinical Connections boxes at the end of each chapter highlight or expand upon a particular clinical concept associated with the kinesiology covered in the chapter. Special Focus boxes throughout the text provide numerous clinical examples to demonstrate why kinesiologic information is needed. Critical thinking questions for selected chapters reinforce the main concepts. UPDATED! Current, evidence-based content closes the gap in kinesiology and anatomy science with clinical practice. NEW! Additional Special Focus boxes and Clinical Connections boxes present kinesiology in a clinical context. UPDATED! Modified artwork and new figures visually reinforce key concepts. NEW! An eBook version, included with print purchase, provides access to all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. It also features videos, answers to study questions from the print book, and additional tables and figures.
With its focus on the normal and abnormal mechanical interactions between the muscles and joints of the body, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation, 3rd Edition provides a foundation for the practice of physical rehabilitation. This comprehensive, research-based core text presents kinesiology as it relates to physical rehabilitation in a clinically relevant and accessible manner. It provides students and clinicians with the language of human movement — and acts as a bridge between basic science and clinical management. Full-color anatomic and kinesiologic illustrations clearly demonstrate the anatomy, functional movement, and biomechanical principles underlying movement; and dynamic new video clips help you interpret new concepts with visual demonstration. More than 900 high-quality illustrations provide you with the visual accompaniments you need to comprehend the material. Clinical Connections boxes at the end of each chapter in Sections II through IV highlight or expand upon a particular clinical concept associated with the kinesiology covered in the chapter. Special Focus boxes interspersed throughout the text provide numerous clinical examples that demonstrate why kinesiologic information is needed. Critical thinking questions challenge you to review or reinforce the main concepts contained within each chapter. Evidence-based approach emphasizes the importance of research in physical therapy decision-making. Evolve site for students comes with video clips, answers to study questions, and references linked to Medline. Evolve site for instructors includes an image collection from the text, teaching tips, and lab activities. NEW! Kinesiology of Running chapter covers the biomechanics of running. NEW! Video clips help you interpret new concepts with visual demonstration. NEW! All-new content on the pelvic floor. NEW! Thoroughly updated references emphasize the evidence-based presentation of information in the text. NEW! QR codes linked to videos for easy viewing on mobile devices. NEW! Pageburst enhanced edition allows you to access multimedia content from the eBook without going to another website.
Results: Heart rate and anxiety were significantly higher during the irregular surface conditions. Heart rate was also significantly higher with decreasing light, and there was a significant surface*light interaction. Knee angle at contact had greater flexion with the irregular surface. No other kinematic variables were affected. Maximum velocity difference had a significant surface*light interaction. Peak leg impacts increased significantly on the irregular surface but light intensity had no effect. There were no significant differences in the peak head impacts. Discussion: Runners felt more anxious while running on a treadmill with bumps and in response they altered knee joint kinematics. Subjects ran with an increased amount of knee flexion during ground contact. This made the lower extremity more compliant and easier to accelerate. The result was greater impact accelerations at the leg but it also allowed more shock to be attenuated and therefore the head accelerations were unchanged.
This book comprises an encyclopedic look at the emerging sports medicine specialty, concentrating on the lower extremity. It covers problems relating to children as well as adults and takes in areas like nutrition, injury prevention, and training and conditioning. Anatomy and normal movement are discussed in detail. Injuries are dealt with both by region and by sport/activity. Written by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians--all experts in their fields.
This book covers many aspects of Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics. As the title represents, the aspects of force, motion, kinetics, kinematics, deformation, stress and strain are examined in a range of topics such as human muscles and skeleton, gait, injury and risk assessment under given situations. Topics range from image processing to articular cartilage biomechanical behavior, gait behavior under different scenarios, and training, to musculoskeletal and injury biomechanics modeling and risk assessment to motion preservation. This book, together with "Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics", is available for free download to students and instructors who may find it suitable to develop new graduate level courses and undergraduate teaching in biomechanics.
This book focuses on the examination of forces that create entire body motion.
This comprehensive reference on total knee arthroplasty describes all surgical techniques and prosthetic designs for primary and revision arthroplasty, discusses every aspect of patient selection, preoperative planning, and intraoperative and postoperative care.
Analysing in-depth data from 11 European countries, this collection explores the rise of the European running market, the reasons and motives for running, and the most important players in the field. The volume sets out policy challenges and marketing possibilities and addresses issues of participation, cost and health.