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Obesity has become a serious health problem. Contrary to just being a medical condition or risk factor for other diseases, obesity is a complex disease of multifaceted aetiology, with its own disabling capacities, pathophysiologies and comorbidities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on body composition and cardiovascular function using a high carbohydrate, high fat (HCHF) rat model.
Abstract: Information on obesity is presented for health professionals and researchers. Three major aspects are addressed: procedures for measuring obesity in humans; incidence of obesity throughout the life cycle; and prevention and treatment of obesity. Muscle development and cardiovascular changes in the obese are discussed and intergenerational continuities and changes in obesity are examined. The accumulation of environmental contaminants (xenobiotics) in adipose tissue and their mobilization during weight reduction are described. The relevance of fat cell size and number with respect to infant, childhood, adolescent, and adult obesity is considered, along with the relationship of obesity to longevity and disease. Other topics explored include genetic and environmental factors influencing obesity, risk/benefit approaches to therapy, and new advances in dietary and surgical treatments for weight control and reduction. (nm).
Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
This report from the Committee on Military Nutrition Research reviews the history of caffeine usage, the metabolism of caffeine, and its physiological effects. The effects of caffeine on physical performance, cognitive function and alertness, and alleviation of sleep deprivation impairments are discussed in light of recent scientific literature. The impact of caffeine consumption on various aspects of health, including cardiovascular disease, reproduction, bone mineral density, and fluid homeostasis are reviewed. The behavioral effects of caffeine are also discussed, including the effect of caffeine on reaction to stress, withdrawal effects, and detrimental effects of high intakes. The amounts of caffeine found to enhance vigilance and reaction time consistently are reviewed and recommendations are made with respect to amounts of caffeine appropriate for maintaining alertness of military personnel during field operations. Recommendations are also provided on the need for appropriate labeling of caffeine-containing supplements, and education of military personnel on the use of these supplements. A brief review of some alternatives to caffeine is also provided.