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An estimated 200 million people in the world suffer from schistosomiasis (bilharzia), and according to the World Health Organization it ranks second behind malaria in terms of socioeconomic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas. The disease was present in Egypt in the Old Kingdom (c. 2600 BCE), and in 1998 it was estimated that almost six million Egyptians -- one fifth of the rural population -- were infected. Thus it remains one of the most serious public health problems in rural Egypt. This study is the first to paint a broad picture of schistosomiasis in rural Egypt. The authors' research in three Nile Delta villages between 1991 and 1997 provides an in-depth community-level view of patterns of transmission and strategies for control. An analysis of recent research and policy presents the national context for the study. Schistosomiasis is primarily a behavioral disease, associated with human behavior in relation to water, especially canals; strategies for disease control and treatment need to consider what people do, where, when, and why. Gender, Behavior, and Health stresses an area of particular concern to social scientists: gender issues are most fully revealed at the local level, where an infection such as schistosomiasis is transmitted, diagnosed, treated, and ultimately (it is hoped) prevented. This book is unique in presenting schistosomiasis primarily from the viewpoint of the social sciences, yet fully incorporating material from the biomedical sciences and other relevant disciplines.
This publication presents the main results and policy implications of an OECD survey of more than 10 000 households in 10 countries. It offers new insight into what policy measures really work, looking at what factors affect people’s behaviour towards the environment.
The "tragedy of the commons" is a central concept in human ecology and the study of the environment. It has had tremendous value for stimulating research, but it only describes the reality of human-environment interactions in special situations. Research over the past thirty years has helped clarify how human motivations, rules governing access to resources, the structure of social organizations, and the resource systems themselves interact to determine whether or not the many dramas of the commons end happily. In this book, leaders in the field review the evidence from several disciplines and many lines of research and present a state-of-the-art assessment. They summarize lessons learned and identify the major challenges facing any system of governance for resource management. They also highlight the major challenges for the next decade: making knowledge development more systematic; understanding institutions dynamically; considering a broader range of resources (such as global and technological commons); and taking into account the effects of social and historical context. This book will be a valuable and accessible introduction to the field for students and a resource for advanced researchers.
While the World Bank has included the issue of alcohol consumption and production on its' agenda for the past ten years, it has not included gender dimensions in the issue. By focusing on alcohol consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean, the instances of death, disease and domestic violence arising from alcoholism were tracked.This study recommends an approach to dealing with the damage done by alcohol consumption and production that goes beyond controlling its' availability. Specifically the measures recommended include: • increasing knowledge through research; • developing indicators to measure consumption levels and patterns among men and women, and the economic and social consequence of alcohol use; • integrating the issue of alcohol use and related problems into consultations with governments and civil society organizations; and • investment lending where appropriate, to address the issue.
Co-published with UNESCO A product of the UNESCO-IHP project on Water and Cultural Diversity, this book represents an effort to examine the complex role water plays as a force in sustaining, maintaining, and threatening the viability of culturally diverse peoples. It is argued that water is a fundamental human need, a human right, and a core sustaining element in biodiversity and cultural diversity. The core concepts utilized in this book draw upon a larger trend in sustainability science, a recognition of the synergism and analytical potential in utilizing a coupled biological and social systems analysis, as the functioning viability of nature is both sustained and threatened by humans.
A compilation of journal articles on the female offender written by leading researchers in the field of criminology and women's studies. Reveals the complex worlds females in the criminal justice system must often negotiate.
6.2"Wives' Employment and the Demand for Goods and Services -- 6.3 Evidence: Wives' Employment and Cleanliness Consumption -- 6.4"Evidence: Wives' Employment and Time Use Patterns -- 6.5"Beyond Time Substitution -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Cleanliness Consumption and the Rebound Effect of Energy Efficiency -- 7.1"Introduction -- 7.2"The Rebound Effect of Energy Efficiency -- 7.3"Consumption Behavior from a Needs-Based Perspective -- 7.4"The Case Study of Cleanliness Consumption -- 7.5"Basic Needs as Drivers behind Cleanliness Consumption Patterns -- 7.6"Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Explaining the Patterns of Cleanliness Consumption -- References -- Index.
Illustrated by an in-depth analysis of waste reduction, reuse and recycling behaviour in Exeter, Devon, this volume provides a timely evaluation of research on household waste management, develops an original analytical model and demonstrates the utility and importance of focusing on individual attitudes.
In every part of the world, looming or full-blown water crises threaten communities from the largest cities to the smallest rural towns. Over the past two decades, there has been increased attention at the global level to the devastating effects of water shortages and pollution, and policies and principles for implementing the sustainable management of water resources have proliferated. But scholars and activists are beginning to understand that top-down environmental policies are doomed to fail if they do not address local cultures and customary uses. As the contributors to Opposing Currents illustrate, that failure is most evident in the inability to recognize that women not only should become central to water management at the local level, but that, in fact, they already are.This volume focuses on women in Latin America as stakeholders in water resources management. It makes their contributions to grassroots efforts more visible, explains why doing so is essential for effective public policy and planning in the water sector, and provides guidelines for future planning and project implementation. After an in-depth review of gender and water management policies and issues in relation to domestic usage, irrigation, and sustainable development, the book provides a series of case studies prepared by an interdisciplinary group of scholars and activists. Covering countries throughout the hemisphere, and moving freely from impoverished neighborhoods to the conference rooms of international agencies, the book explores the various ways in which women are-and are not-involved in local water initiatives across Latin America. Insightful analyses reveal what these case studies imply for the success or failure of various regional efforts to improve water accessibility and usability, and suggest new ways of thinking about gender and the environment in the context of specific policies and practices.