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Herbicide mixtures are popular for farmers to delay the evolution of herbicideresistant biotypes from occurring and control existing herbicide-resistant weeds. Glufosinate is a contact herbicide that has been observed as a mixture partner with many herbicides. In many cases, antagonistic interactions have occurred when using glufosinate in mixture with other herbicides. The antagonistic interactions have resulted in applications with incomplete weed control. Adjuvants have been known to impact an herbicide application by increasing herbicide penetration, spreadability, and efficacy. Adjuvants added to glufosinate mixtures can increase weed control. The first objective was to investigate the interactions, efficacy, and physical properties of glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D alone or in mixture with one of two different anionic surfactants. The results from the greenhouse study indicated that adding a surfactant to dicamba applied alone or a mixture of dicamba with glufosinate increased biomass reduction to >92 and 96% on common lambsquarters. Results from the field studies showed the highest biomass reduction of Palmer amaranth occurred when dicamba was applied alone (56%). The results from the physical property studies concluded that surfactant two had the lowest surface tension (62% biomass reduction. The results from the field study showed the highest biomass reduction of Palmer amaranth came from a mixture of glufosinate with glyphosate and surfactant two (46%). The results for physical properties concluded that adding a surfactant to glufosinate and glyphosate treatments resulted in an increase in density and viscosity and a decrease in contact angle and surface tension. The third objective was to evaluate three anionic surfactants at different dose rates added to herbicide mixtures and solutions of glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D, and glyphosate. The herbicide by dose effect was significant for both runs. Unformulated glufosinate, Xtendimax, Touchdown Hi-Tech, and mixtures of unformulated glufosinate with Touchdown Hi-Tech or Xtendimax resulted in an increase in biomass reduction when increasing surfactant dose rate.
Contamination of the environment by herbicides used in agriculture is currently a significant concern. Many of the herbicides are endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic compounds that are threatening both human health and the environment. The atmosphere is a major pathway by which herbicides are transported and deposited in the environment. Thus, understanding the processes controlling herbicide exchange between the soil, where they are applied, and the atmosphere is important for investigating the environmental fate of these compounds. It has to be pointed out that, in the field, herbicides are typically applied as formulation mixtures, not pure compounds, in order to ensure uniform application and improve biocide performance. Although more than 80% of the commercial herbicides contain surfactants, little is known about the effects of these formulated surfactants on herbicide exchange between soil and the atmosphere. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the desorption of herbicides to the gas phase after soil application is enhanced by both increases in ambient relative humidity and by the presence of surfactants in formulation mixtures. Particle/gas and soil/air desorption experiments were performed for seven herbicides from the chloroacetanilide and dinitroaniline families with and without model anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures under a range of relative humidity conditions (3 to 66% RH) on two selected soils. A desorption fraction F48 was defined to evaluate the relative partitioning tendencies of the study herbicides. With increasing RH, increases in F48 were observed in both the particle/gas desorption of pure herbicides and the soil/air desorption of herbicides associated with surfactants. In the presence of surfactants, slightly enhanced desorption of herbicides from soil to the gas phase was found as the concentration of the surfactant mixture increased. For chloroacetanilide herbicides, F48 always decreased in the order propachlor > alachlor > metolachlor and butachlor; and for dinitroaniline herbicides, F 48 always decreased in the order trifluralin > pendimethalin > prodiamine. The differences in desorption behavior of herbicides can be explained by the differences in their substituent structures for each herbicide family. Based on the experimental results, statistical models were generated using multiple linear regression method to characterize the influence of surfactant concentration, RH and herbicide property (KH or KOA) on F48 for these relative polar herbicides. ANOVA analysis indicated that all these factors were statistically significant for F48 prediction, although the surfactant effect is relatively minor compared to the effects of changes in RH and individual herbicide properties. The current study is the first comprehensive investigation of the effects of surfactants on herbicide solid/gas partitioning processes and the resulting models are helpful to estimate the atmospheric losses of real-world herbicides after field application.
This and its companion volumes 7,8, and 9 document the proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Surfactants in Solution (SIS) held in New Delhi, India, August 18-22, 1986 under the joint auspices of the Indian Society for Surface Science and Technology, and Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. As this symposium was a landmark -- it represented the tenth anniversary of this series of symposia -- so it is very apropos to reflect on how these symposia have evolved to their present size and status. The pedigree of this series of symposia goes back to 1976 when the premier symposium in this series was held. Actually in 1976 it was a modest start and it was not possible at that time to gaze at the crystal ball and predict what would be the state of affairs in 1986. For historical purposes, it should be recorded here that the first symposium was held in Albany, NY, under the title "Micellization, Solubilization and Microemulsions"; the second symposium was christened "Solution Chemistry of Surfactants" and was held in Knoxville, TN, in 1978; the venue for the third symposium in 1980 was Potsdam, NY, and it was dubbed "International Symposium on Solution Behavior of Surfactants: Theoretical and Applied Aspects.
This work highlights the physical chemistry of surfactant solutions, detailing a fundamental method of selecting surfactants for agrochemical formulations and delineating how surfactants enhance the biological efficacy of agrochemicals. The unique properties of surfactants that have a major influence on the performance of an agrochemical are summarized.;The book is intended for physical, surface and colloid chemists; biochemists; microbiologists; agronomists; research and development personnel in the pesticide and fertilizer industries; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking chemistry and chemical engineering courses.;College and university bookstores may order five or more copies at a special price which is available on request from Marcel Dekker Inc.
The Biology and Control of Weeds in Sugarcane provides a comprehensive discussion of the problems of weed control in sugarcane against the background of world-wide cultivation, with emphasis on Taiwan's intensive pattern of crop farming. The book is divided into 12 chapters which present the following concepts of weed control in sugarcane: botanical description of sugarcane; the cultivation of sugarcane in relation to weed control; weeds associated with sugarcane and their biological characteristics; losses in crop production caused by weeds; chemical control of weeds; crop tolerance and weed responses to chemicals; evaluation of new herbicides; research and practices of chemical weed control; and application techniques and equipment utilized in weed control. The book is an authoritative reference for agriculture students, lecturers, and scientists. The advances presented in the book are also an invaluable contribution to the expanding ""Weed Science"" and will serve as an excellent background and perspective for further weed studies.
Herbicides are one of the most widely used groups of pesticides worldwide for controlling weedy species in agricultural and non-crop settings. Due to the extensive use of herbicides and their value in weed management, herbicide research remains crucial for ensuring continued effective use of herbicides while minimizing detrimental effects to ecosystems. Presently, a wide range of research continues to focus on the physiology of herbicide action, the environmental impact of herbicides, and safety. The authors of Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety cover multiple topics concerning current valuable herbicide research.