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"Conventional business valuation theory and practice may be, in some respects, disconnected from economic theory. Economics underlies much of business valuation theory and practice, yet there appears to be surprisingly little explanation of how it fits into and underlies the typical business valuation analysis. Indeed, analyses of market value are inextricably linked to an underlying foundation of Economics, since market value (and price) is a function of the interaction of market supply and demand. Economics has a prominent role in determining market value, including Fair Market Value, and thus should not, in the present author's opinion, be regarded as peripheral to business valuations. From a larger perspective, this text attempts to link and integrate business valuation theory and practice with its economic underpinnings in formal and explicit ways. Another focus of this text is the practical application of accepted economic principles to the estimation of the Fair Market Value of minority (i.e., non-controlling) interests in closely-held family limited partnerships (FLPs) under the Fair Market Value Standard (FMVS). This text discusses in detail the computation of the Fair Market discount for minority FLP interests--and, more generally, for minority closely-held business interests"--
The recent global financial crisis has made the inadequacies of the scientific state of economics and finance glaringly obvious, as these disciplines gave the false reassurance that such a self-destructive phenomenon could not happen. A similar phenomenon arose in the 1930’s, when the pitfalls of the dominant economic theories were sharply exposed. Since then, the same analytical framework, in its new versions, has revealed a huge number of other empirical and experimental failures. On the other hand, the founders of the currently dominant theories in economics and finance (i.e. the standard paradigm) such as Walras (1834-1910), Modigliani (1918-2003) and Miller (1923-2000) have identified mathematical contradictions within their own foundational models, the root cause of which no one has yet discovered. The standard paradigm has thus lost the reason for its existence in the light of experience, experiments and logical rigour. This book identifies the heuristic cause of these external and internal contradictions of the standard paradigm and remedies these problems by offering a new paradigm which can explain and predict observed economic behaviour, and resolve the extant behavioural, empirical and experimental puzzles. The new paradigm offers a dramatically improved understanding of economic behaviour at the micro as well as macro level of the economy within an over-arching framework comprising the real and the financial sectors. It does so in a rigorous but simple and clear way, using an axiomatic approach. It also offers policy recommendations on how the economy should be managed to avoid severe swings. It therefore is of great interest to scholars and practitioners in economics and finance.
Classical and behavioral finance are often seen as being at odds, but the idea of “popularity” has been introduced as a way of reconciling the two approaches. Investors like or dislike various characteristics of securities for rational reasons (as in classical finance) or irrational reasons (as in behavioral finance), which makes the assets popular or unpopular. In the capital markets, popular (unpopular) securities trade at prices that are higher (lower) than they would be otherwise; hence, the shares may provide lower (higher) expected returns.This book builds on this idea and expands it in two major ways. First, it introduces a rigorous asset pricing model, the popularity asset pricing model (PAPM), which adds investor preferences for security characteristics other than the risk and expected return that are part of the capital asset pricing model. A major conclusion of the PAPM is that the expected return of any security is a linear function of not only its systematic risk (beta) but also of all security characteristics that investors care about. The other major contribution of the book is new empirical work that, while confirming the well-known premiums (such as size, value, and liquidity) in a popularity context, supports the popularity hypothesis on the basis of portfolios of stocks based on such characteristics as brand value, sustainable competitive advantage, and reputation. Popularity unifies the factors that affect price in classical finance with those that drive price in behavioral finance, thus creating a unifying theory or bridge between classical and behavioral finance.
Praise for Cost of Capital, Fourth Edition "This book is the most incisive and exhaustive treatment of this critical subject to date." —From the Foreword by Stephen P. Lamb, Esq., Partner, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, and former vice chancellor, Delaware Court of Chancery "Cost of Capital, Fourth Edition treats both the theory and the practical applications from the view of corporate management and investors. It contains in-depth guidance to assist corporate executives and their staffs in estimating cost of capital like no other book does. This book will serve corporate practitioners as a comprehensive reference book on this challenging topic in these most challenging economic times." —Robert L. Parkinson Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Office, Baxter International Inc., and former dean, School of Business Administration and Graduate School of Business, Loyola University of Chicago "Shannon Pratt and Roger Grabowski have consolidated information on both the theoretical framework and the practical applications needed by corporate executives and their staffs in estimating cost of capital in these ever-changing economic times. It provides guidance to assist corporate practitioners from the corporate management point of view. For example, the discussions on measuring debt capacity is especially timely in this changing credit market environment. The book serves corporate practitioners as a solid reference." —Franco Baseotto, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer, Foster Wheeler AG "When computing the cost of capital for a firm, it can be fairly said that for every rule, there are a hundred exceptions. Shannon Pratt and Roger Grabowski should be credited with not only defining the basic rules that govern the computation of the cost of capital, but also a road map to navigate through the hundreds of exceptions. This belongs in every practitioner's collection of must-have valuation books." —Aswath Damodaran, Professor, Stern School of Business, New York University "Pratt and Grabowski have done it again. Just when you thought they couldn't possibly do a better job, they did. Cost of Capital, Fourth Edition is a terrific resource. It is without a doubt the most comprehensive book on this subject today. What really distinguishes this book from other such texts is the fact that it is easy to read—no small feat given the exhaustive and detailed research and complicated subject matter. This book makes you think hard about all the alternative views out there and helps move the valuation profession forward." —James R. Hitchner, CPA/ABV/CFF, ASA, Managing Director, Financial Valuation Advisors; CEO, Valuation Products and Services; Editor in Chief, Financial Valuation and Litigation Expert; and President, Financial Consulting Group "The Fourth Edition of Cost of Capital continues to be a 'one-stop shop' for background and current thinking on the development and uses of rates of return on capital. While it will have an appeal for a wide variety of constituents, it should serve as required reading and as a reference volume for students of finance and practitioners of business valuation. Readers will continue to find the volume to be a solid foundation for continued debate and research on the topic for many years to come." —Anthony V. Aaron, Americas Leader, Quality and Risk Management, Ernst & Young Transaction Advisory Services
The 12 articles in this second of two parts condense recent advances on investment vehicles, performance measurement and evaluation, and risk management into a coherent springboard for future research. Written by world leaders in asset pricing research, they present scholarship about the 2008 financial crisis in contexts that highlight both continuity and divergence in research. For those who seek authoritative perspectives and important details, this volume shows how the boundaries of asset pricing have expanded and at the same time have grown sharper and more inclusive. - Offers analyses by top scholars of recent asset pricing scholarship - Explains how the 2008 financial crises affected theoretical and empirical research - Covers core and newly developing fields
Quantitative Business Valuation A Mathematical Approach for Today's Professionals Essential reading for the serious business appraiser, Quantitative Business Valuation, Second Edition is the definitive guide to quantitative measurements in the valuation process. No other book written on business valuation is as well researched, innovative, and bottom-line beneficial to you as a practitioner. Written by leading valuation and litigation economist Jay B. Abrams, this text is a rigorous and eye-opening treatment filled with applications for a wide variety of scenarios in the valuation of your privately held business. Substantially revised for greater clarity and logical flow, the Second Edition includes new coverage of: Converting forecast net income to forecast cash flow Damages in manufacturing firms Regressing scaled y-variables as a way to control for heteroscedasticity Mathematical derivation of the Price-to-Sales (PS) ratio Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Real Options (RO) Analysis Venture capital and angel investor rates of return Lost inventory and lost profits damage formulas in litigation Organized into seven sections, the first three parts of this book follow the chronological sequence of performing a discounted cash flow. The fourth part puts it all together, covering empirical testing of Abrams' valuation theory and measuring valuation uncertainty and error. Parts five to seven round it all out with discussion of litigation, valuing ESOPs and partnership buyouts, and probabilistic methods including valuing start-ups. The resulting work, solidly grounded in economic theory and including all necessary mathematics, integrates existing science into the valuation profession and develops valuation formulas and models that you will find useful on a daily basis.
This book showcases recent academic work on contemporary issues in financial institutions and markets. It covers a broad range of topics, highlighting the diverse nature of academic research in banking and finance. As a consequence the contributions cover a wide range of issues across a broad spectrum, including: capital structure arbitrage, credit rating agencies, credit default swap spreads, market power in the banking industry and stock returns. This timely collection offers fresh insights and understandings into the ongoing debates within and between the academic and professional finance communities. This book was originally published as a special issue of the European Journal of Finance.
A one-stop shop for background and current thinking on the development and uses of rates of return on capital Completely revised for this highly anticipated fifth edition, Cost of Capital contains expanded materials on estimating the basic building blocks of the cost of equity capital, the risk-free rate, and equity risk premium. There is also discussion of the volatility created by the financial crisis in 2008, the subsequent recession and uncertain recovery, and how those events have fundamentally changed how we need to interpret the inputs to the models we use to develop these estimates. The book includes new case studies providing comprehensive discussion of cost of capital estimates for valuing a business and damages calculations for small and medium-sized businesses, cross-referenced to the chapters covering the theory and data. Addresses equity risk premium and the risk-free rate, including the impact of Federal Reserve actions Explores how to use Morningstar's Ibbotson and Duff Phelps Risk Premium Report data Discusses the global cost of capital estimation, including a new size study of European countries Cost of Capital, Fifth Edition puts an emphasis on practical application. To that end, this updated edition provides readers with exclusive access to a companion website filled with supplementary materials, allowing you to continue to learn in a hands-on fashion long after closing the book.
The 2009 edition of CIMA's Official Learning Systems has been written in conjunction with the Examiner to fully reflect what could be tested in the exam. Fully revised and now in 2 colour, paperback format the 2009 Learning Systems provide complete study material for the May and November 2009 exams. This edition includes: * practice questions throughout * complete revision section * topic summaries * recommended reading articles from a range of journals * Q & A's CIMA Learning Systmes are the only study materials endorsed and recomended by CIMA * The Official Learning Systems are the only study materials endorsed by CIMA * Fully revised with new examples and case studies * Written by the Examiner * Complete integrated package incorporating syllabus guidance, full text, recommended articles, revision guides and extensive question practice
The study investigates the working of the Indian stock market in recent years and attempts to look for functional instability, if any, embedded in the stock market. Specifically, it explores to discern whether there been any significant change in recent years in Indian stock market and the nature and characteristics of such changes, if any. It chooses the nine year period from 1999 to 2008. Over this period, stock market witnessed some major price changes: one in late 1999 that ended in mid 2001, another that commenced from mid 2004 and a recent one that in effect commenced from early 2008. There is significant volatility in the market with presence of risk premium;there is asymmetric impact. The market responds more to the negative shocks. The global stock market is having its influence on Indian stock market. The impact of developed country effect, particularly, that of US stock market has been the most prominent. There is some evidence for regional contagion. When we look at the domestic sectors, we see that the traditional sectors, -Capital Goods and Consumer Durables,are the two most predominant sectors. Other sectors, particularly the IT sector, have only a mild, almost insignificant impact on market volatility and transmits very little of its volatility to other sectors.