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flour, potato starch, cracking catalyst, sand, and gravel, one will probably agree that the first four materials definitely are powders and the last one certainly is not. Whether one would call sand a powder probably depends on the partiele size and on personal Vlews. When the astronaut Neil Armstrong returned to the Earth from his trip on the surface of the Moon, he stated: 'The surface is fine and powdery. I can kick it up loosely with my toe. It does adhere in fine layers like powdered charcoal to the sole and inside of my boots. I only go in a small fraction of an inch, but I can see the footprints of my boots and the treads in the fine sandy partieles. ' These words elearly show that the behaviour of powders de pends on the circumstances. In wh at respects are those on the Moon different from those on the Earth? (1) The gravitational force on the surface of the Moon is only one-sixth of that on the Earth. (2) There is no gas on the Moon. The latter aspect means that any water brought there would evaporate and disappear immediately, hence powders on the Moon will always be perfect1y dry so that cohesion between the separate partieles due to liquid bridges will be zero.
This book covers the rich phenomenology exhibited by fine powders when they are fluidized by a gas flow. Fine powder cohesiveness leads to poor flowability, clumping, difficulty in fluidizing, irregular avalanching behavior, etc. Despite all the inconveniences, fine powder processes pervade the chemical, pharmaceutical, agricultural and mining industries among others. The author in this book analyzes the mechanism by which interparticle adhesive forces are reduced by means of surface additives. Different techniques have been developed in the last years to assist fluidization by helping the gas flow to mobilize and break cohesive aggregates, which help to homogenize fluidization. As reviewed in this book, the use of these techniques may have a relevant impact on novel processes based on fluidized beds of fine powder and with relevant applications on leading edge technologies such as Atomic Layer Deposition on nanoparticles and CO2 capture by gas-fluidized beds of adsorbent powders. The study of fluidized beds has a marked interdisciplinary character. This book is thus intended for academic and industrial researchers in applied physics, mechanical, chemical, and environmental engineering, who are interested in the special characteristics of fine powders.
Since the publication of the first edition of Canada, and Australia have increased teach Handbook of Powder Science and Technology, ing, research, and training activities in areas the field of powder science and technology has related to particle science and technology. gained broader recognition and its various ar In addition, it is worth mentioning the many eas of interest have become more defined and books and monographs that have been pub focused. Research and application activities lished on specific areas of particle, powder, related to particle technology have increased and particle fluid by professional publishers, globally in academia, industry, and research technical societies and university presses. Also, institutions. During the last decade, many to date, there are many career development groups, with various scientific, technical, and courses given by specialists and universities on engineering backgrounds have been founded various facets of powder science and technol to study, apply, and promote interest in areas ogy.
Given that for centuries, the standard tool to understand diseases in tissues was the microscope and that its major limitation was that only excised tissue could be used, recent technology now permits the examination of diseased tissue in vivo. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has promising potential when applied to coronary artery disease. OCT has the capability to identify coronary plaque and to distinguish between plaques that are stable and unstable. If the plaques are stable then OCT can direct percutaneous intervention (angioplasty or stenting). Optical coherence tomography is a light-based imaging technology that allows for very high resolution imaging in biological tissues. It has been first applied in ophthalmology, where it soon became the golden standard for the assessment of (epi-) retinal processes. The unique imaging capabilities have raised the interest of researchers and clinicians in the field of cardiovascular disease, since OCT offers unique possibilities to study atherosclerosis pathophysiology in vivo. With over 1.1M Americans having a heart attack this year because of unstable plaque rupture, OCT may have an increasingly important role in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease. This unique publication offers the reader the basic background to OCT and its role in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. The Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography in Cardiovascular Research introduces the cardiovascular application of this technology. Clinicians, biologists, engineers and physicist are discussing different aspects of cardiovascular OCT application in a multidisciplinary approach. The handbook offers the readership a concise overview on the current state of the art of vascular OCT imaging and sheds light on a variety of exciting new developments. The physics, technical principles of OCT and its application in a broad spectrum of cardiovascular research areas are summarized by highly recognized specialists. The potential of OCT in peripheral and coronary arteries and in developmental cardiology are described. Each research area is introduced by a clinical expert in the field followed by discussion of different aspects from an engineering, biomedical and clinical perspective. Specifically, the current capabilities for plaque characterization, detection of vulnerable plaque, guidance of interventional procedures, Doppler-assessment, and molecular contrast imaging are being described. The Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography in Cardiovascular Research targets researchers and clinicians involved in the field of atherosclerosis. The summary of basic physics, engineering solutions, pre-clinical and clinical application covers all relevant aspects and will be a valuable reference source.
This volume contains the proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on the Micromechanics of Granular Media, Powders and Grains 2005. Powders and Grains is an international scientific conference held every 4 years that brings together engineers and physicists interested in the micromechanics of granular media.The book is a guide to the hotte
The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols, An Introduction provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the mechanics of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. The book covers a wide range of topics and many new perspectives are given by drawing on research from a variety of fields. Novel, in-depth expositions of the most common delivery devices are given, including nebulizers, dry powder inhalers and propellant metered dose inhalers. The behaviour of aerosols in the respiratory tract is explained in detail, with complete coverage of the fundamentals of current deposition models.The book begins by providing a comprehensive introduction to aspects of aerosol mechanics that are relevant to inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. It then gives an exhaustive pedagogical description of the behaviour of evaporating and condensing droplets (both aqueous and propellant-based), an introductory chapter on lung geometry and inhalation patterns, and coverage of relevant aspects of fluid mechanics in the lung. Finally, the book provides invaluable, detailed coverage on the mechanics of common pharmaceutical aerosol delivery systems and deposition in the respiratory tract. Throughout the book are many detailed numerical examples that apply the salient concepts to typical inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols.This book will be of interest to scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosol products. Experienced practitioners will find many new perspectives that will greatly enhance their understanding of this complex and rapidly growing field. For those delivering therapeutic agents to the lung, this book is a must-have. Students and academics will find this book an invaluable tool and for newcomers it is a worthy guide to the diverse fields that must be understood to work in the area of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols.
This 2000 book provides a careful and critical development of the equations which describe the motion of fluid-particle mixtures.
This first monograph in the new AAPS book series concisely reviews important aspects of powder and particle systems and the critical quality attributes that should be used as a guide to future developments intended to maximize the control of product quality and performance. Drs. Hickey and Giovagnoli have written an essential primer for any scientists involved in powder or particle research and manufacturing. It is appropriate for those just entering the field or as a rapid reference for the experienced pharmaceutical scientist. The authors have both academic and industrial experience and the coverage includes solid state chemistry; crystallization; physical processes; particle size and distribution;particle interaction;manufacturing processes;quality by design;and a general discussion of the industry. Pharmaceutical Powder and Particles is intended to concisely review important aspects of powder and particle systems and the critical quality attributes that should be used as a guide to future developments intended to maximize the control of product quality and performance.
Interactions between drug particulates are crucial in determining drug dispersion and deaggregation, and ultimately delivery efficiency. This book combines principles established in surface and colloidal chemistry with pharmaceutical powder technology. It discusses some of the factors affecting particulate interactions, and particle-fluid interaction in the respiratory tract. It review some of the studies carried out in dry powder formulation development, and proposes possible strategies in improving DPI efficiency. The majority of these principles are applicable to other pharmaceutical solid dosage forms (e.g. tablets and capsules).