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Manifest Destiny, as a term for westward expansion, was not used until the 1840s. Its predecessor was the Doctrine of Discovery, a legal tradition by which Europeans and Americans laid legal claim to the land of the indigenous people that they discovered. In the United States, the British colonists who had recently become Americans were competing with the English, French, and Spanish for control of lands west of the Mississippi. Who would be the discoverers of the Indians and their lands, the United States or the European countries? We know the answer, of course, but in this book, Miller explains for the first time exactly how the United States achieved victory, not only on the ground, but also in the developing legal thought of the day. The American effort began with Thomas Jefferson's authorization of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, which set out in 1803 to lay claim to the West. Lewis and Clark had several charges, among them the discovery of a Northwest Passage—a land route across the continent—in order to establish an American fur trade with China. In addition, the Corps of Northwestern Discovery, as the expedition was called, cataloged new plant and animal life, and performed detailed ethnographic research on the Indians they encountered. This fascinating book lays out how that ethnographic research became the legal basis for Indian removal practices implemented decades later, explaining how the Doctrine of Discovery became part of American law, as it still is today.
This book presents new material and shines fresh light on the under-explored historical and legal evidence about the use of the doctrine of discovery in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. North America, New Zealand and Australia were colonised by England under an international legal principle that is known today as the doctrine of discovery. When Europeans set out to explore and exploit new lands in the fifteenth through to the twentieth centuries, they justified their sovereign and property claims over these territories and the indigenous peoples with the discovery doctrine. This legal principle was justified by religious and ethnocentric ideas of European and Christian superiority over the other cultures, religions, and races of the world. The doctrine provided that newly-arrived Europeans automatically acquired property rights in the lands of indigenous peoples and gained political and commercial rights over the inhabitants. The English colonial governments and colonists in North America, New Zealand and Australia all utilised this doctrine, and still use it today to assert legal rights to indigenous lands and to assert control over indigenous peoples. Written by indigenous legal academics - an American Indian from the Eastern Shawnee Tribe, a New Zealand Maori (Ngati Rawkawa and Ngai Te Rangi), an Indigenous Australian, and a Cree (Neheyiwak) in the country now known as Canada, Discovering Indigenous Lands provides a unique insight into the insidious historical and contemporary application of the doctrine of discovery.
For many Americans, Christian missionary efforts have usually involved distant and exotic places. Sometimes, however, we can learn more about missions and interreligious engagement by looking in our own backyard. This collection of essays deriving from a consultation on missionary history and attitudes in colonial Jamestown, Virginia, explores long-standing assumptions related to Christian mission by listening to Native American voices. What were the ideologies and theologies that motivated early Virginia colonists? How did certain understandings of mission and church provide support and legitimacy for invasion and exploitation? What were, and are, the responses of indigenous populations, and how should Christian mission to Native Americans continue in light of this history? This book addresses these still very relevant questions and explores ways in which new understandings of Christian mission are needed in the expanding religious and cultural diversity of the twenty-first century. Contents Acknowledgments / vii Introduction: Using Jamestown in 1607 to Stimulate Questions about Christian Mission in 2007-- Barbara Brown Zikmund / 1 Part One: Re-Visiting Native-American Beliefs and Practices Chapter 1: The Romance and Tragedy of Christian Mission among American Indians -- Tink Tinker / 13 Chapter 2: A Failure to Communicate: How Christian Missionary Assumptions Ignore Binary Patterns of Thinking within Native-American Communities -- Barbara Alice Mann / 29 Part Two: Re-Discovering the Concept of Discovery in the Christian Mission to Native America Chapter 3: Christianity, American Indians, and the Doctrine of Discovery -- Robert J. Miller / 51 Chapter 4: Colonial Virginia Mission Attitudes toward Native Peoples and African-American Slaves -- Edward L. Bond / 69 Part Three: Re-Engaging the Christian Mission to Native America Chapter 5: Living in Transition, Embracing Community, and Envisioning God's Mission as Trinitarian Mutuality: Reflections from a Native-American Follower of Jesus -- Richard Twiss / 93 Chapter 6: Salvation History and the Mission of God: Implications for the Mission of the Church among Native Americans -- Richard E. Waldrop and J. L. Corky Alexander Jr. / 109 Part Four: Re-Thinking Theology of Mission in a Multifaith World Chapter 7: Jamestown and the Future of Mission: Mending Creation and Claiming Full Humanity in Interreligious Partnership -- Shanta Premawardhana / 127 Chapter 8: Moving beyond Christian Imperialism to Mission as Reconciliation with all Creation -- William R. Burrows / 145 Conclusion: The Missiology of Jamestown -- 1607--2007 and Beyond: Toward a Postcolonial Theology of Mission in North America -- Amos Yong / 157 Contributors / 169 Author Index / 171 Subject Index / 175 .embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }