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There has been a push to modernize the technology used in patient monitoring. One area that is being investigated is the use of in situ sensors for real time, continuous vital signs monitoring, particularly to measure pressure. We developed two sensors fulfilling different roles. One is fully implantable and wireless for long term urological pressure monitoring using conventional MEMS technology. This sensor required the use of a battery-powered wireless transmitter. The second sensor utilizes an entirely new method of pressure sensing designed to be easily scaled down in size while being extremely cost effective. By using an electrolyte solution-filled elastic tube, the sensor does not require further packaging; also the materials used are easily obtainable commercially, so no custom components are required even when downsizing. Although initially designed and tested as a wired sensor, the new catheter sensor was designed to be integrated with wireless capability later--to create a truly minimally invasive long term pressure monitor. Both pressure sensing systems were developed by fabricating a pressure sensitive catheter lead, designing the electronics required to amplify and filter the sensor signal, programming the software client that received, stored, graphed, and interpreted the data. Furthermore, both sensors were subjected to extensive in vitro testing to characterize sensor performance and lifetime, as well as simulate an in vivo environment. Both sensors required the investigation of robust packaging techniques to ensure functionality and survivability while implanted. Last, both sensors demonstrated their potential use as a pressure monitor in animal studies: within the bladder for the wireless implantable sensor and as an intravascular sensor for the new conductometric design.
Challenges and Innovations in Ocean In-Situ Sensors: Measuring Inner Ocean Processes and Health in the Digital Age highlights collaborations of industry and academia in identifying the key challenges and solutions related to ocean observations. A new generation of sensors is presented that addresses the need for higher reliability (e.g. against biofouling), better integration on platforms in terms of size and communication, and data flow across domains (in-situ, space, etc.). Several developments are showcased using a broad diversity of measuring techniques and technologies. Chapters address different sensors and approaches for measurements, including applications, quality monitoring and initiatives that will guide the need for monitoring. Integrates information across key marine and maritime sectors and supports regional policy requirements on monitoring programs Offers tactics for enabling early detection and more effective monitoring of the marine environment and implementation of appropriate management actions Presents new technologies driving the next generation of sensors, allowing readers to understand new capabilities for monitoring and opportunities for another generation of sensors Includes a global vision for ocean monitoring that fosters a new perspective on the direction of ocean measurements
This is the third volume of the five-volume book series “Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management”. The book series deals with the following topics: • Environmental deterioration and pollution, management of environmental problems • Environmental toxicology – a tool for managing chemical substances and contaminated environment • Assessment and monitoring tools, risk assessment • Risk reduction measures and technologies • Case studies for demonstration of the application of engineering tools The authors aim to describe interactions and options in risk management by providing a broad scientific overview of the environment, its human uses and the associated local, regional and global environmental problems; interpreting the holistic approach used in solving environmental protection issues; striking a balance between nature’s needs and engineering capabilities; understanding interactions between regulation, management and engineering; obtaining information about novel technologies and innovative engineering tools. This third volume provides an overview on the basic principles, concepts, practices and tools of environmental monitoring and contaminated site assessment. The volume focuses on those engineering tools that enable integrated site assessment and decision making and ensure an efficient control of the environment. Some topics supporting sustainable land use and efficient environmental management are listed below: • Efficient management and regulation of contaminated land and the environment; • Early warning and environmental monitoring; • Assessment of contaminated land: the best practices; • Environmental sampling; • Risk characterization and contaminated matrix assessment; • Integrated application of physical, chemical, biological, ecological and (eco) toxicological characterization methods; • Direct toxicity assessment (DTA) and decision making; • Online analyzers, electrodes and biosensors for assessment and monitoring of waters.; • In situ and real-time measurement tools for soil and contaminated sites; • Rapid on-site methods and contaminant and toxicity assessment kits; • Engineering tools from omics technologies, microsensors to heavy machinery; • Dynamic characterization of subsurface soil and groundwater using membrane interface probes, optical and X-ray fl uorescence and ELCAD wastewater characterization; • Geochemical modeling: methods and applications; • Environmental assessment using cyclodextrins. This book series focuses on the state of knowledge about the environment and its conscious and structured application in environmental engineering, management and decision making.
The ongoing population growth is resulting in rapid urbanization, new infrastructure development and increasing demand for the Earth's natural resources (e.g., water, oil/gas, minerals). This, together with the current climate change and increasing impact of natural hazards, imply that the engineering geology profession is called upon to respond to new challenges. It is recognized that these challenges are particularly relevant in the developing and newly industrialized regions. The idea beyond this volume is to highlight the role of engineering geology and geological engineering in fostering sustainable use of the Earth's resources, smart urbanization and infrastructure protection from geohazards. We selected 19 contributions from across the globe (16 countries, five continents), which cover a wide spectrum of applied interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research, from geology to engineering. By illustrating a series of practical case studies, the volume offers a rather unique opportunity to share the experiences of engineering geologists and geological engineers who tackle complex problems working in different environmental and social settings. The specific topics addressed by the authors of chapters included in the volume are the following: pre-design site investigations; physical and mechanical properties of engineering soils; novel, affordable sensing technologies for long-term geotechnical monitoring of engineering structures; slope stability assessments and monitoring in active open-cast mines; control of environmental impacts and hazards posed by abandoned coal mines; assessment of and protection from geohazards (landslides, ground fracturing, coastal erosion); applications of geophysical surveying to investigate active faults and ground instability; numerical modeling of seabed deformations related to active faulting; deep geological repositories and waste disposal; aquifer assessment based on the integrated hydrogeological and geophysical investigation; use of remote sensing and GIS tools for the detection of environmental hazards and mapping of surface geology. This volume is part of the proceedings of the 1st GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Egypt 2017.
The United States has jurisdiction over 3.4 million square miles of ocean in its exclusive economic zone, a size exceeding the combined land area of the 50 states. This expansive marine area represents a prime national domain for activities such as maritime transportation, national security, energy and mineral extraction, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism and recreation. However, it also carries with it the threat of damaging and outbreaks of waterborne pathogens. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami are vivid reminders that ocean activities and processes have direct human implications both nationally and worldwide, understanding of the ocean system is still incomplete, and ocean research infrastructure is needed to support both fundamental research and societal priorities. Given current struggles to maintain, operate, and upgrade major infrastructure elements while maintaining a robust research portfolio, a strategic plan is needed for future investments to ensure that new facilities provide the greatest value, least redundancy, and highest efficiency in terms of operation and flexibility to incorporate new technological advances. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 identifies major research questions anticipated to be at the forefront of ocean science in 2030 based on national and international assessments, input from the worldwide scientific community, and ongoing research planning activities. This report defines categories of infrastructure that should be included in planning for the nation's ocean research infrastructure of 2030 and that will be required to answer the major research questions of the future. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 provides advice on the criteria and processes that could be used to set priorities for the development of new ocean infrastructure or replacement of existing facilities. In addition, this report recommends ways in which the federal agencies can maximize the value of investments in ocean infrastructure.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) sensors constitute perhaps the most exciting technology of our age. The present effort incorporates all the information needed byscientists and engineers who work on research projects and/or product systems, which apply to air pressure acquisition and to its rearrangement into altitude data. Some of the potential implementations of this method (regularly referred to as barometric altimetry) include, but are not limited to, Position Location Application, Navigation Systems, Clinical Monitoring Applications, and Aircraft Instrumentation. This book holds the key to such applications, providing readers with the theoretical basis as well as the practical perspective of the subject matter. At first, the reader is introduced to the background theory, methods, and applications of barometric altimetry. Thereafter, the book incorporates the development of wireless barometers and a (real time monitoring) wireless sensor network system for scheduling low-cost experimental observations. Finally, a deepened understanding to the analysis procedure of pressure measurements (using Matlab script code) is performed.
The human body's intracranial pressure (ICP) is a critical component in sustaining healthy blood flow to the brain while allowing adequate volume for brain tissue within the rigid structures of the cranium. Disruptions in the body's autoregulation of intracranial pressure are often caused by hemorrhage, tumors, edema, or excess cerebral spinal fluid resulting in treatments that are estimated to globally cost up to approximately five billion dollars annually. A critical element in the contemporary management of acute head injury, intracranial hemorrhage, stroke, or other conditions resulting in intracranial hypertension, is the real-time monitoring of ICP. Currently, such mainstream clinical monitoring can only take place short-term within an acute care hospital. The monitoring is prone to measurement drift and is comprised of externally tethered pressure sensors that are temporarily implanted into the brain, thus carrying a significant risk of infection. To date, reliable, low drift, completely internalized, long-term ICP monitoring devices remain elusive. The successful development of such a device would not only be safer and more reliable in the short-term but would expand the use of ICP monitoring for the management of chronic intracranial hypertension and enable further clinical research into these disorders. The research herein reviews the current challenges of existing ICP monitoring systems, develops a new novel sensing technology, and evaluates the same for potentially facilitating long-term implantable ICP sensing. Based upon the findings of this research, this dissertation proposes and evaluates a dual matched-die piezo-resistive strain sensing device, with a novel in-vivo calibration system and method thereof, for application to long-term implantable ICP sensing.
Marine management requires approaches which bring together the best research from the natural and social sciences. It requires stakeholders to be well-informed by science and to work across administrative and geographical boundaries, a feature especially important in the inter-connected marine environment. Marine management must ensure that the natural structure and functioning of ecosystems is maintained to provide ecosystem services. Once those marine ecosystem services have been created, they deliver societal goods as long as society inputs its skills, time, money and energy to gather those benefits. However, if societal goods and benefits are to be limitless, society requires appropriate administrative, legal and management mechanisms to ensure that the use of such benefits do not impact on environmental quality, but instead support its sustainable use.
This practical handbook provides the knowledge needed to specify and apply the best piezoresistive pressure sensors to interface with microprocessors and computers. Eliminating the details of semiconductor physics, it clarifies the three kinds of pressure measurement, explains silicon sensor design
Currently, wearable sensing is an attractive focus of research in the sensing field. Flexible sensors thrive along with the development of wearable technologies because they provide unique features for wearable applications through their compliance and comfort. Resistive, parallel-plate capacitive, and piezoelective based flexible pressure sensors have been investigated over the years for flexible pressure sensing. However, the intrinsic defects of these sensors prevent their application in medical devices, as most applications require high sensitivity, accuracy, and a fast mechanical response. In this dissertation, several types of novel, ion-based pressure sensing devices, referred to as iontronic pressure sensors have been developed with ultrahigh sensitivity, fast mechanical responses, and high flexibility for hemodynamic monitoring applications. Using ultrahigh electrical double layer interfacial capacitance and ionic material resistance, highly sensitive pressure sensing devices are designed and fabricated. Different working modes, resistive and capacitive, are tuned to fit different use scenarios. Parameters that influence device performance, such as sensitivity and mechanical response, are modelled and investigated. A microfluidic film based pressure sensing device that can achieve 0.45 kPa−1 sensitivity within a response time of milliseconds is designed and fabricated for large-area pressure distribution mapping in transparent and flexible package. A novel ionic gel material is implemented with improved device performance using the electrical double layer capacitive mode for sensing. An ionic gel droplet based pressure sensor can achieve a sensitivity of 0.2 nF/mmHg and measures pressure distribution in an array configuration. Further integration of the novel ionic gel within textile generates a new type of ionic pressure sensor that can achieve pressure sensing in all-fabric structures. This novel all-fabric ionic pressure sensor has 0.62 nF/mmHg sensitivity and remains stable when placed on a curved surface with radii decreased to 25 mm. Well-developed iontronic pressure sensors are applied in non-invasive pulse waveform monitoring and chronic venous disorder management. In non-invasive pulse waveform monitoring application, the microfluidic based flexible pressure sensor captures radial arterial pulse waveforms with a matrix configuration when worn on the wrist. Hemodynamic parameters can be calculated based on the waveform acquired to indicate arterial condition of the tested individual. In chronic venous disorder management application, an ionic droplet pressure sensing matrix is integrated into a commercial compression garment to monitor pressure distribution on limbs in a wireless and real-time manner. The iontronic pressure sensors presented offer a highly-transformative solution for wearable health monitoring applications which may benefit patients and clinicians in disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.