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Ever since the notion of explanatory adequacy was promoted by Chomsky in his 1965 Aspects, linguists and psycholinguists have been in pursuit of a psychologically valid theory of grammar. To be explanatorily adequate, a theory of grammar can not only describe the general characteristics of a language but can also account for the underlying psychological processes of acquiring and processing that language. To be considered psychologically valid, a grammar must be learnable by ordinary children (the problem of acquisition) and must generate sentences that are parsable by ordinary people (the problem of processing). Ultimately, the fields of language acquisition and processing are concerned with the same goal: to build a theory that accounts for grammar as it is acquired by children; accessed in comprehension and production of speech; and represented within the human mind. Unfortunately, these two fields developed independently and have rarely been well-informed about each other's concerns. Both have experienced past difficulties as a result. Recently, new models have been developed with full consideration to cross-linguistic diversity. Gone are many of the basic assumptions of conventional models, and in their place a variety of innovative and more flexible assumptions have emerged. However, in their attempt to address cross-linguistic issues, these processing models have yet to fully address the developmental challenge: How can a child without a stable grammar process language and still manage to acquire new grammar? This book attempts to develop a model of language processing that addresses both cross-linguistic and developmental challenges. It proposes to link the setting of a basic configurational parameter during language acquisition to the different organization of processing strategies in left- and right-branching languages. Based primarily on Mazuka's doctoral dissertation, this volume incorporates various responses to the original proposal as well as the author's responses to the comments.
Ever since the notion of explanatory adequacy was promoted by Chomsky in his 1965 Aspects, linguists and psycholinguists have been in pursuit of a psychologically valid theory of grammar. To be explanatorily adequate, a theory of grammar can not only describe the general characteristics of a language but can also account for the underlying psychological processes of acquiring and processing that language. To be considered psychologically valid, a grammar must be learnable by ordinary children (the problem of acquisition) and must generate sentences that are parsable by ordinary people (the problem of processing). Ultimately, the fields of language acquisition and processing are concerned with the same goal: to build a theory that accounts for grammar as it is acquired by children; accessed in comprehension and production of speech; and represented within the human mind. Unfortunately, these two fields developed independently and have rarely been well-informed about each other's concerns. Both have experienced past difficulties as a result. Recently, new models have been developed with full consideration to cross-linguistic diversity. Gone are many of the basic assumptions of conventional models, and in their place a variety of innovative and more flexible assumptions have emerged. However, in their attempt to address cross-linguistic issues, these processing models have yet to fully address the developmental challenge: How can a child without a stable grammar process language and still manage to acquire new grammar? This book attempts to develop a model of language processing that addresses both cross-linguistic and developmental challenges. It proposes to link the setting of a basic configurational parameter during language acquisition to the different organization of processing strategies in left- and right-branching languages. Based primarily on Mazuka's doctoral dissertation, this volume incorporates various responses to the original proposal as well as the author's responses to the comments.
Language Processing Problems: A Guide for Parents and Teachers is an easy-to-read but thorough treatment of a problem which is quite prevalent but often overlooked. Children (and adults) vary in their language processing capacities. Recognizing this variation can be very useful in understanding why certain children are having unexpected difficulties with school or social interactions. Split-second delays in recognizing words, problems remembering what was said, difficulties finding the word needed or organizing a complex sentence can all interfere with communication. For some children these problems are quite significant in spite of perfectly adequate or even exceptional knowledge of words and grammatical rules. The book explains, in laymans terms, how people use language to communicate, the components of the language processing system and the types of problems that can arise with its use. In particular an attempt is made to discriminate between language processing problems and other disorders such as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD), Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and Dyslexia. Guidelines are provided for recognizing language processing problems and for deciding how to proceed toward a solution. The book ends with many suggestions which parents, teachers and children can use to address specific and general language processing problems. A quick pass through the book finds that it begins with several examples of children who have language processing problems. It then provides down-to-earth descriptions of what language processing is and how we use speech to communicate. This is followed by discussions of the difference between language knowledge and language processing and other psycholinguistic topics such as word recognition and working memory. Distinctions are drawn between input and output processing and between auditory and visual language processing. These topics are followed by a chapter about how children learn to process language. After this introduction to the workings of language processing, problems with language processing are treated in detail. What are the problems? Who has them? And what causes language processing problems? Confusions of terminology are dealt with and then come two chapters which lay out the intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic (environmental) factors related to language processing problems. In these chapters I compare and integrate information about related problems which can co-occur or be confused with language processing problems. The next two long chapters help parents and teachers recognize whether a child has a language processing problem and then decide what to do about it. The first of these chapters is divided into sections dealing with preschoolers, school-age children and high school students. The second chapter helps parents and teachers decide whether a speech-language evaluation is needed, what that evaluation should include, and details various possible treatment routes. There are four chapters which provide suggestions for improving listening and following directions, verbal memory, word retrieval and organization of language output, respectively. In each chapter there are suggestions for external strategies (to be used by parents and teachers) and internal strategies (to be used by the child) as well as descriptions of the kinds of treatment available from speech-language pathologists for these problems. A short, final summary is followed by a glossary and references.
First published in 1982. Simply defined, the field of natural language processing is concerned with theories and techniques that address the problem of natural language communication with computers. One of the goals of this research is to design computer programs that will allow people to interact with computers in natural conversational dialogues.
This work prepares nursery, primary and secondary teachers to appreciate and understand how language development can affect learning and learn strategies for working with students with language differences and disorders.
Aims to provide a systematic perspective on some central psychological mechanisms underlying the spontaneous production of interlanguage (IL) speech. The text develops a framework that represents a theory of processability of grammatical structures, referred to as "Processability Theory".
The relationship between language and psychology is one that has been studied for centuries. Influencing one another, these two fields uncover how the human mind's processes are interrelated. Psycholinguistics and Cognition in Language Processing is a critical scholarly resource that examines the mystery of language and the obscurity of psychology using innovative studies. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics, such as language acquisition, emotional aspects in foreign language learning, and speech learning model, this book is geared towards linguists, academicians, practitioners, and researchers, seeking current research on the cognitive and emotional synthetisation of multilingualism.
The seventh edition of The Development of Language, written and contributed by leading researchers, covers language acquisition and development from infancy through adulthood. This authoritative text is ideal for courses that take a developmental approach to language acquisition across the full life span. The text thoroughly explores syntax, morphology, semantics, phonology, and pragmatics. It examines atypical development with attention to the most common disorders affecting language acquisition, presents strong coverage of individual differences in language acquisition and learning, describes how and why they occur, and provides contemporary references and the most recent research findings. The panel of expert authors provides students with cutting-edge, up-to-date research knowledge in an interesting and highly readable format. What's New to this Edition? Updated atypical language development chapter (Ch. 9) contains new information about cochlear implants, current research on the autism spectrum disorders, new therapeutic approaches to atypical language, with an emphasis on Specific Language Impairment, and evaluation of recent claims regarding the etiology of atypicality. Therapeutic recommendations are presented within the context of Evidence-based Practice (EBP). Includes contemporary topics, such as the neurological bases of animal and human communication, the value of programs to accelerate language in infants, such as "baby signs," language acquisition in languages other than English, adopted foreign children's language acquisition, and genetic basis for language, that encourage topical discussions. Updated with new material on the hypothesized brain mechanisms that underlie language acquisition, the aging brain's language processing abilities, and advances in the treatment of language disorders. New information on using computers and the Internet to carry out directed and student-initiated research on language development, as well as expanded information on the use of the Child Language Data Exchange System, which is now Web-based and contains both written transcripts and auditory language samples.
Written by respected researchers in their field, this book is about the skills beyond basic word recognition that are necessary for the processing and comprehension of spoken and written language. The major topics presented are as follows: language and text analysis; cognitive processing and comprehension; development of literacy; literacy and schooling; and, factors influencing listening and reading.