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Although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate chronic health effects associated with pesticide exposures, results of these studies are not consistent, may often be biased, and are generally not supported with any valid pesticide exposure data. Inadequate measurement of pesticide exposure is a major factor limiting the value of study results. Since it is generally not possible to measure exposures retrospectively, and not cost-effective or practical to measure exposures prospectively, alternative techniques must be developed and evaluated for use in epidemiologic research. The primary objective of this study was to develop statistical models to predict pesticide dose in lawn care applicators. Doses of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), mecoprop (2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid, MCPP) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were assessed in 98 professional turf applicators from 20 companies. Since these workers were repeatedly exposed to varying amounts of pesticides, a method of dose estimation was developed to predict total weekly dose that would allow for different use patterns by each individual. Further, since accuracy of dose estimates is dependent on the collection of 24-hour urine samples, both creatinine excretion and self-reported missed samples were used to evaluate collection completeness. During a one week period, the volume of pesticide applied was weakly related to the total dose of 2,4-D absorbed (R2 = 0.21). Two additional factors explained a large proportion of the variation in dose: the type of spray nozzle and the use of gloves. In the final multiple regression models predicting total absorbed dose of 2,4-D and mecoprop, 63 to 68 percent of the variation was explained. Commonly used job titles and duties performed explained only 11 and 16 percent of the variation in dose, respectively. By explaining up to 68 percent of the variation, the models developed represent a vast improvement over traditional methods of pesticide exposure assessment. If the study results are generalizable, it is likely that most epidemiologic studies using traditional methods of pesticide exposure assessment in occupational groups suffer extremely limited power and biased results.
The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated 3e carries on the book’s tradition of serving as the definitive reference on pesticide toxicology and recognizes the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition. Presents a comprehensive look at all aspects of pesticide toxicology in one reference work. Clear exposition of hazard identification and dose response relationships in each chapter featuring pesticide agents and actions All major classes of pesticide considered Different routes of exposure critically evaluated