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This volume gives a wide ranging overview of current issues in the acquisition and evaluation of geophysical information from space and from the air and is suitable for postgraduate and postdoctoral students as well as established workers in the field. Topics covered include the processing and interpretation of remote sensing data from aircraft and satellites; reflection and emission properties of natural surfaces; use of remote sensing data for coastal and marine environmental studies; pollution monitoring; surface temperature measurements and meteorological measurements. In addition, large parts of the material concerns itself with the various data analysis techniques employed and the accuracy of the results obtained when attempting to make geophysical measurements through the atmosphere.
The contribution of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to the definition of the origin of the reference frame (geocenter coordinates), the global scale, and low degree coefficients of the Earth's gravity field is essential due to the remarkable orbit stability of geodetic satellites and the accuracy of laser observations at a level of a few millimeters. Considering these aspects, SLR has an exceptional potential in establishing global networks and deriving geodetic parameters of the supreme quality. SLR faces today the highest requirements of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) yielding 1 mm of long-term station coordinate and 0.1 mm/y of station velocity stability. The goal of this work is to assess the contribution of the latest models and corrections to the SLR-derived parameters, to enhance the quality and reliability of the SLR-derived products, and to propose a new approach of orbit parameterization for low orbiting geodetic satellites. The impact of orbit perturbations is studied in detail, including perturbing forces of gravitational origin (Earth's gravity field, ocean and atmosphere tides) and perturbing forces of non-gravitational origin (atmospheric drag, the Yarkovsky effect, albedo and Earth's infrared radiation pressure). A multi-satellite combined solution is obtained using SLR observations to LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, Starlette, Stella, and AJISAI. The quality of the SLR-derived parameters from the combined solution is compared with external solutions. The Earth rotation parameters are compared to the IERS-08-C04 series and the GNSS-derived series, whereas the time variable Earth's gravity field coefficients are compared to the CHAMP and GRACE-derived results.
This report provides descriptions of environmental models used in the near-earth environment for the analysis of earth-based and satellite data. Included are models of the ionosphere, atmosphere, radiation belt, Earth's magnetic field, and orbital prediction. These models are used at PL for a variety of purposes, in particular, for the analysis of experimental data obtained from ground based instruments and, where applicable, instruments carried on balloons, rockets, and satellites. Some of the models described here were developed at PL based upon such measurements. For many of the models described here, computer output is provided together with estimates of computer (CPU) times required to generate such output. The computer codes (subroutines) for these models are frequently incorporated into programs used for data analysis and reduction, as well as mission planning. It is hoped that this report will serve as a useful reference for planning such future missions.
This publication is designed to provide a practical understanding of methods of parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis. The practical problems covered range from simple processing of time- and space-series data to inversion of potential field, seismic, electrical, and electromagnetic data. The various formulations are reconciled with field data in the numerous examples provided in the book; well-documented computer programmes are also given to show how easy it is to implement inversion algorithms.
Elements move through Earth's critical zone along interconnected pathways that are strongly influenced by fluctuations in water and energy. The biogeochemical cycling of elements is inextricably linked to changes in climate and ecological disturbances, both natural and man-made. Biogeochemical Cycles: Ecological Drivers and Environmental Impact examines the influences and effects of biogeochemical elemental cycles in different ecosystems in the critical zone. Volume highlights include: Impact of global change on the biogeochemical functioning of diverse ecosystems Biological drivers of soil, rock, and mineral weathering Natural elemental sources for improving sustainability of ecosystems Links between natural ecosystems and managed agricultural systems Non-carbon elemental cycles affected by climate change Subsystems particularly vulnerable to global change The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Book Review: http://www.elementsmagazine.org/archives/e16_6/e16_6_dep_bookreview.pdf