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Coronaviruses were recognized as a group of enveloped, RNA viruses in 1968 and accepted by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses as a separate family, the Coronaviridae, in 1975. By 1978, it had become evident that the coronavirus genomic RNA was infectious (i. e. , positive strand), and by 1983, at least the framework of the coronavirus replication strategy had been per ceived. Subsequently, with the application of recombinant DNA techniques, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of coronaviruses, and a mass of structural data concerning coronavirus genomes, mRNAs, and pro teins now exists. More recently, attention has been focused on the role of essential and accessory gene products in the coronavirus replication cyde and a molecular analysis of the structure-function relation ships of coronavirus proteins. Nevertheless, there are still large gaps in our knowledge, for instance, in areas such as the genesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNAs or the function of the coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The diseases caused by coronaviruses have been known for much longer than the agents themselves. Possibly the first coronavirus-related disease to be recorded was feline infectious peritonitis, as early as 1912. The diseases associ ated with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and murine hepatitis virus were all well known before 1950.
Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Medicine - Epidemiology, grade: Pass, James Cook University, language: English, abstract: This work describes possible control measures and actions to control and prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus. A novel virus broke out in a city in southern China last year and developed to a major public health threat within a few months. The pandemic began with an outbreak of pneumonia with unknown origin because of an infection of the lower respiratory tract. Soon, the novel pathogen was identified as a novel coronavirus, described as novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) by the Chinese government.
The dramatic story of New Zealand's response to a global pandemic For the first time in history, on 15 March 2020 the New Zealand government closed the country's borders. What followed was a story unprecedented in almost every way imaginable. Featuring Finance Minister Grant Robertson, science communicator Siouxsie Wiles, Queenstown Mayor Jim Boult, funeral directors Francis and Kaiora Tipene, Student Volunteer Army founder Sam Johnson, the Prime Minister's Chief Science Adviser Juliet Gerrard, businesswoman Jenene Crossnan and Auckland City Missioner Chris Farrelly - from a kura kaupapa principal to real estate agents: The Covid Chronicles is a multi-stranded account of one of the most extraordinary times in Aotearoa's history, and the lessons we must heed for our future.
Seminar paper from the year 2023 in the subject Business economics - Supply, Production, Logistics, grade: 5.0, Addis Ababa University, course: Master of Business Management, language: English, abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted global supply chains, leading to unprecedented economic challenges and logistical complexities. Originating in China in December 2019, the virus rapidly spread to over 210 countries, resulting in more than 100 million confirmed cases worldwide and over 2 million deaths. This global crisis triggered severe disruptions across various sectors, including high-tech industries, automotive manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and food supply chains. Notably, companies like Apple, Samsung, and Tesla experienced production halts due to labor shortages and supply chain constraints. Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry grappled with increased demand for essential medical supplies, while the food sector faced labor shortages and transportation disruptions. The pandemic-induced shutdowns, travel restrictions, and stringent import/export controls severely hampered international logistics, further exacerbating supply chain vulnerabilities. Consequently, the crisis highlighted the intricate interdependencies within global supply chains and underscored the urgent need for resilience, sustainability, and strategic reevaluation to mitigate future disruptions effectively.
Seminar paper from the year 2021 in the subject Communications - Research, Studies, Enquiries, grade: 1,3, , language: English, abstract: The purpose of this research is to determine if and how the Corona pandemic affects music streaming consumption. To do this, the following research question is posed: How does the Coronavirus affect the use of music streaming services? To answer the research question, music streaming consumption was studied and evaluated using recent figures from Finland and America as examples. Hypotheses were made and investigated as to what could be possible reasons for the decline in consumption. In the further course, figures from the largest and best-known music streaming service "Spotify" are evaluated to gain further insights. Finally, a quantitative survey on music streaming consumption before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic is conducted.
Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2021 in the subject Pedagogy - School System, Educational and School Politics, , language: English, abstract: The main concern in the study is how the schools and its administration manage this natural disasters even though that the world is facing these challenges with COVID-19. The researcher aims to distinguish the management level of schools on how would they respond on to natural disaster in accordance with the safety protocols of the government with regard to the pandemic. This study also aims to determine how the school manage disasters in amidst of COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the study also aims to measure the level of managing skills and capabilities of students and teachers. Moreover, the researcher will make use of purposive sampling technique in order to determine samples to be used in the study. Furthermore, the study is confine with the selected 42 Grade 9, section 1 students of Antonio J. Villegas Vocational High School and 9 selected teacher representative for NDRRMC. Also, the researcher will utilize a normative questionnaire for students and interview guide questionnaire for teachers. Based on the result and discussion, it has been said that most of the student respondent possess manageable skills and are capable of perceiving, approaching and responding to natural disaster. Thus, same with the result on the focus group discussion of the teachers, Teacher’s respondents possess manageable skills towards perceiving approaching and responding natural disaster. However, Students have a vital interest in contributing to the safety of their school and community. Such work is central to their development as citizens and is, in fact, part of their ethical and moral responsibility to themselves, their peers, and school staff. Further trainings and seminars for teachers and school administration on how to develop their management skills in disasters.
Submitted Assignment from the year 2021 in the subject Politics - Topic: Public International Law and Human Rights, grade: 73, University of East London, course: MENTAL WEALTH - INTERNATIONAL LAW: PROBLEMS AND PROCESS, language: English, abstract: In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this research seeks to analyse the impact of the global health crisis on the international legal order. The main argument is that while the focus of international law has been on the elimination of war towards global peace and security, the COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the shortcomings of international law in dealing with a global health crisis. By considering the specialized mechanisms under international law for dealing with a pandemic, the research will reveal the critical role that international law can play in fostering global health. The research is based on a qualitative examination utilizing a deliberate audit of extensive literature on international law and the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary data obtained from relevant journal articles, textbooks, reports and internet sources.
Seminar paper from the year 2021 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Essen, language: English, abstract: The global economy has shifted from a mostly growing economy into a severe, almost life-threatening recession or even depression within of weeks and months. The aim of this term paper is to show the real impacts of the Corona crisis on the economy. Especially the impacts on demand and fiscal policy reactions are described in this term paper. The wealth of a country depends, among other things, on the overall economic situation, which is usually defined as the business cycle. Good indicators of an economic situation are generally indicators such as the employment rate, the unemployment rate, prices and development of interest rates, sales and capacity of utilization. The pandemic has completely changed all areas of life overnight including the world economy. In addition, to protect of people and address issues of mobile working, new products had to be developed very quickly, for politicians to make current assessments and decisions. The exceptional circumstances have posed challenges to all and raised very similar questions for humanity: what will be the consequences of the pandemic for the economy, for international cooperation in education, academic research, and culture?